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,1","betilted,4,1","better,20,1,19,1","betterthe,3,1","bettors,4,1","between,5,2,15,3,7,7,10,1,11,2,13,7,14,2,16,7,18,7,21,2,22,4,23,7,1,13,2,8,3,30,4,8,6,8,8,2,9,9,12,3,20,25,19,26","betweenapplication,2,1","betweencolliding,5,1,13,1","betweencomponents,2,1","betweenrails,18,1","betweenthe,1,2,2,1,3,3,4,1,8,1,20,1","betweentwo,13,1,22,1","beunlocked,1,1","bevel,2,1","beveled,13,1,3,1","beyond,5,2,15,1,1,1,4,1,6,2,9,1,16,1","beyonda,4,1","beyondhis,16,1","bezel,2,1","bhp,2,1,8,1","bias,2,2,20,4","bicycle,13,1,14,1,2,2","bicyclists,18,1","bid,2,1","bifurcation,7,1","big,2,1,8,1","bike,4,1","bill,5,4,15,5,13,2,2,11,3,2,4,2,6,2,12,2","billed,2,1","billet,2,1","billets,2,1","billing,15,1,2,2","bills,5,1,2,1","billsfor,3,1","binder,2,2,3,1,4,1","binders,2,1","binding,9,1","bingo,2,1,3,1","biological,2,1,9,1","biomechanics,7,1,2,1,9,1","biosid,1,1","birds,10,1,14,1","biscuit,2,1","bituminous,2,2","bituminousconcrete,3,1","blackpressure,20,1","blade,2,1,6,1,19,1","bladecrosswise,19,1","blank,3,1,4,1,8,1,20,1","blanket,2,1","blanks,8,1","blanktraversing,4,1","blasting,2,1","bleed,2,2","bleeding,1,1,2,2","bleedings,2,1","blend,6,1","blending,9,1","blind,2,2","blindside,19,1","blink,13,1,22,1","blips,2,1","block,13,3,1,5,2,6,3,2,8,1,16,1,19,1,20,3","blocking,2,1,6,1","blockis,13,1,1,1","blocks,2,1","blocksignals,13,1","blood,18,1,1,1,2,3,19,1","bloom,2,1","blow,2,1,3,1","blowby,2,1","blower,2,1,19,2,20,2","blowers,2,1","blows,2,1","blue,2,3,3,1","blueprint,2,1","blueprintor,20,1","bmcs,2,1","bmd,2,1","bmep,2,1","board,7,1,14,2,18,2,2,8,3,2,4,1,8,1,19,3","boarding,2,1","boards,6,1","boat,3,1,12,1","bobtail,2,1","bodies,13,1,14,1,3,6,4,1,6,6,9,2,12,1","bodiesin,9,1","body,5,8,15,4,7,9,10,1,11,2,13,14,14,4,18,7,21,4,22,2,23,3,1,10,2,25,3,26,4,10,6,9,8,5,9,5,12,10,16,12,19,12,20,12","bodyaccommodations,1,1","bodyand,2,1","bodyby,16,1","bodyconstruction,18,1","bodydrawn,3,1","bodyequipped,15,1,18,1","bodyfollows,20,1","bodyframe,18,1","bodyhaving,7,1","bodyhinge,13,1","bodyline,3,1","bodyof,13,1,1,2","bodyside,18,1","bodysurface,8,1","bodythrough,16,1","bodywith,14,1","bogey,2,1","bogie,2,1","bogies,2,1,19,1","boiling,3,1","bolster,1,1,2,4,3,5","bolsters,2,1","bolt,11,1,2,5,3,5,8,2,19,2","bolting,2,1","bolts,2,1,19,1","bond,18,1,2,3","bonded,13,1,2,2","bonding,9,1","bone,3,1","bonfiretest,1,1","bonnet,2,1,8,1","book,15,1,18,2,4,3,12,2,19,1,20,2","boom,14,1,2,2","boomers,2,1","boost,2,1","booster,1,1,2,1","boot,2,2,3,1,19,1","bootleg,2,1","bore,15,1,2,3,3,1,4,1,8,2,19,1","bosses,1,1","both,15,1,13,2,14,1,17,1,18,5,22,1,23,1,1,1,2,1,3,5,4,2,6,1,9,3,12,1,19,2,20,3","bothdirections,16,1,19,1","bothkinematics,11,1","bothmagnitude,9,1","bothrotating,19,1","bothvehicles,3,1","bottle,3,1","bottledbeverages,2,1","bottler,2,1","bottom,7,1,11,1,2,3,3,4,4,3,9,1,12,1,19,3,20,1","bottoms,4,1,20,1","botts,2,2","bounce,22,1,2,2,3,2","bounceor,4,1","bouncing,19,1","bound,9,2","boundaries,18,1,21,1","boundary,8,1,19,1","boundarylines,9,1","bounded,7,1","bowed,8,1","box,5,1,7,2,11,1,22,2,1,2,2,1,3,4,4,1,8,3,16,1,20,3","boxcar,1,1,8,1","boxes,18,1","boy,12,2","boytrailer,15,1","brace,11,1,22,1,2,1,20,1","bracing,4,1","bracket,19,1","brake,5,21,15,1,7,2,10,2,13,4,17,1,18,8,23,4,1,21,2,114,3,7,4,14,6,4,8,17,9,9,16,7,19,17,20,12","brakeapplication,18,1,4,1","brakecapability,9,1","brakechamber,2,1,19,1","brakecontrol,2,1","braked,2,2,9,1,12,2,19,1","brakedrum,2,1","brakehorsepower,2,1,16,1","brakehose,4,1","brakeman,10,1,2,1,4,1,6,1,19,1","brakemen,19,1","brakepedal,2,1","brakeratchet,16,1","brakes,5,5,7,4,13,1,18,2,22,1,1,12,2,14,3,3,4,6,6,1,9,2,12,1,16,2,19,14,20,4","brakesbring,4,1","brakesdoes,19,1","brakeshoes,2,1","brakesindependently,9,1","brakesystem,1,2,2,2,16,2,19,1","braking,5,1,7,1,18,1,23,2,1,6,2,19,4,2,6,2,8,2,9,3,16,2,19,6,20,10","brakingefficiency,2,1","branch,11,1,16,2","branches,16,1","branching,25,1","brass,2,2","breadth,3,1","break,2,3,3,2,20,1","breakaway,2,1","breakdown,2,1","breakdownlane,18,1","breaker,3,1","breakers,20,1","breaking,1,1,9,1,20,1","breaks,20,1","bridge,7,1,2,2,6,3,19,2,20,1","bridgeelement,1,1","bridges,3,1","bridgewire,1,1","bridging,18,1","bright,22,1,23,1,1,1,2,2,6,2,8,1,12,1","brighter,7,1","brightness,15,1,9,1","brinell,2,7","brinellhardness,2,1","brinelling,2,3","brinellmark,2,1","bring,10,1,2,1,4,1","bringing,19,1","british,2,1","brittle,2,2","broad,2,1,3,1,19,1","broken,5,1,18,1,1,1,3,2,4,1,19,1","brokeneither,3,1","brown,2,1","brownline,2,1","bruise,2,1","brush,2,1","brushed,1,2,2,1","btu,2,1","buck,1,1,2,1,3,2,19,2,20,1","bucket,2,1","buckle,2,4,12,1","buckling,2,1","buffing,3,1","buggy,4,1","build,13,1,1,1,3,1","builder,30,4","builders,19,1","building,18,1,1,1,2,1,16,1,19,2,20,2","buildings,1,1","builds,10,1,3,1","built,2,1,6,1,19,1","bulk,2,4,3,3,4,1,20,1","bulkhead,2,2,9,1","bulkheads,3,1","bulky,2,1","bullseye,2,1","bump,2,3","bumper,23,2,2,2,4,1,6,2","bumpers,15,1,13,1,22,1,2,1,6,1,19,1","bumperwhich,2,1","bumping,2,1,3,1","bunching,2,1","bundles,3,1","bunk,2,1","bunker,9,1","burdened,16,1","bureau,21,1,2,2,4,1","buried,4,1","burn,3,1","burned,5,1","burners,20,1","burning,3,2,4,1","burnish,2,1","burnishing,2,2","burro,20,1","burstdisc,1,1","bursttest,1,1","bus,2,1","bushing,2,1","business,1,1,3,1,4,1,6,1,9,1","buster,10,1","bustleback,2,1","butbefore,13,1","butexclude,19,1","butmay,21,1","butnot,16,1","butsometimes,8,1","butt,13,1","butting,18,1,3,1","buttocks,4,1","button,13,1","buttonand,19,1","buttress,2,1","butts,7,1","butwithout,15,1","buzz,14,1","buzzer,23,1,1,1","buzzing,14,1","bwl,2,1","bya,3,1","byan,4,1,6,1","byapplying,19,1","byautomobiles,20,1","bybrakes,1,1","bybraking,2,1","bycontact,6,1","bydesigners,15,1","bydividing,7,1","bydynamometer,8,1","byengineering,3,1","byevaporation,22,1","byforces,3,1","byhigh,3,1","bymanagement,16,1","bymeasurements,20,1","bymore,2,1","bymultiplying,20,1","byopposing,18,1","bypass,3,1,16,1","bypassed,16,1","bypassing,3,1","bypressure,18,1","byresistance,22,1","bythe,7,1,1,2,19,1,20,1","byturbines,20,1","byvehicle,23,1","bywear,2,1","c0,3,1","cab,15,2,1,2,2,6,3,17,4,2,8,2,12,4,19,3,20,2","cabin,3,2","cable,4,2","cableor,23,1","caboose,3,1,12,1","cabover,6,1","cabsignal,3,1","cad,3,1","cae,3,1","cafe,3,1","calculated,7,1,1,1","calculationsinvolving,18,1","calculator,14,1","calendar,5,1,22,1,3,1,20,1","calibrated,2,1","calibration,20,1","caliper,3,2","call,3,2","called,5,3,15,1,7,1,11,1,13,8,14,1,17,1,18,2,23,1,25,1,1,8,2,9,3,5,4,4,6,2,8,1,12,4,16,3,19,5,20,5","calledpoint,9,1","calledtwo,20,1","caller,3,1","calls,3,1","calspan,3,2","cam,3,1,8,1","camber,18,4,3,4,19,1,20,4","cambercoefficient,20,1","cambered,19,1","camel,3,1","camera,13,1,3,1,19,1","cameras,3,1","cams,5,1","canadian,13,1,3,1","cand,1,1","canflow,3,1","canister,1,1","canning,15,1","cannot,15,2,18,1,22,1,2,1,3,1,9,1,16,1","cap,18,2,4,5,8,1","capability,15,1,3,1,4,1,6,1,9,1,16,2,19,1,20,1","capable,2,1,12,1,16,1,19,1,20,1","capacitor,1,1","capacity,7,1,13,2,2,1,3,8,4,1,8,1,19,1,20,1","capping,6,1","caps,3,1","car,5,4,15,2,7,7,11,5,13,14,18,8,22,2,23,3,1,15,2,19,3,50,4,19,6,11,8,12,9,5,12,14,16,9,19,17,20,9,24,1","carabout,12,1","carbon,3,1","carburetor,3,1,6,1,20,2","carcass,20,1","carcrushes,13,1","card,2,4,3,5,4,1,19,3","cardan,3,1","cardboard,6,1,20,1","cards,3,2,4,1","care,16,1","carengineering,16,1","carfor,4,1","cargo,7,1,10,1,11,1,2,5,3,5,4,4,8,1,12,3,19,2","cargoinsurance,9,1","cargos,16,1","carinspector,3,1","carinteriors,3,1","caris,3,1","carlineapproved,18,1","carload,3,3","carloadlots,10,1","carparts,12,1","carpets,19,1","carriage,12,1","carried,5,1,1,1,2,2,3,1,19,1","carrier,5,1,13,42,1,4,2,5,3,10,4,8,6,3,8,1,9,6,12,2,16,1,19,1,20,3","carriers,5,1,7,1,3,11,6,1,9,1","carries,5,2,1,2,4,1,6,1,9,1,19,1","carriesno,6,1","carry,13,1,1,1,2,3,3,1,9,1,12,2,19,2,20,1","carrying,7,1,13,1,18,3,2,1,3,7,19,1,20,2","carryingcapacity,4,1","carryingcontainers,3,1","carryover,3,1","carrythe,13,1","cars,5,3,15,1,7,4,10,1,11,1,18,3,21,2,25,1,1,2,2,4,3,12,4,7,6,3,8,2,9,1,12,1,16,3,19,13,20,5","carsare,1,1,4,1","carsides,18,1","carsthat,19,1","carswith,20,1","cartage,3,2","carting,4,1","carto,3,1","carts,4,2","cartypes,3,1","case,5,3,21,1,1,1,2,1,3,3,6,1,13,1,20,1","cased,2,1","caseof,6,1","cases,3,1,19,1","casing,5,1,3,1","cast,23,1,2,1,3,1,4,1,6,2,13,2,16,1,19,2","caster,18,2,3,5","casting,11,1,3,3,4,1,16,1,19,2","castingdivision,3,1","castspoke,4,1","cat,3,4,8,1","catch,3,1,19,1","catching,12,1","categorized,15,1","category,15,4,4,2,20,1","catenary,3,1","caterpillar,5,1,7,1,10,1,15,1,18,1,22,1,1,1,2,1,3,4,4,1,6,1,8,1,9,1,12,1,13,1,16,1,19,1,20,1","cattle,18,1","catwalk,3,1","cause,10,1,11,2,14,1,15,1,1,1,2,3,3,4,16,3,19,4","causeanalysis,12,1","caused,7,1,14,1,22,1,23,3,25,1,1,1,2,2,3,1,4,2,6,2,8,2,9,1,13,2,19,3,20,2","causedby,1,1,3,1","causehim,18,1","causeoriented,5,1","causes,5,1,15,1,18,2,22,1,23,2,1,3,2,1,4,1,6,1,16,1","causesthe,1,1","causing,2,1","cavity,4,1,8,1,19,1","cbe,3,1","cc,3,1","cco,3,1","cd,3,1","ceased,19,1","ceases,1,1","ceasesbetween,6,1","ceiling,8,1,13,1","celestial,1,1","cells,5,1","cement,3,5,16,2","cemented,2,1","census,21,1","center,5,3,7,1,11,3,18,10,23,3,1,2,2,9,3,42,4,6,6,2,8,2,12,7,16,2,19,17,20,14","centered,3,3","centering,3,1","centerline,15,2,23,1,1,2,3,2,4,1,12,1,19,2,20,3","centerlines,23,1,20,1","centerpasses,16,1","centerplates,2,1,3,1","centers,14,1,18,4,23,2,3,4,4,1,19,2,20,1","centerto,20,1","centimeter,3,2","central,14,2,15,1,23,1,3,3,4,1,6,1,20,1","centrally,23,1","centrifugal,3,6,20,1","centripetal,3,2","centrodial,23,1","ceo,3,1","certain,5,2,18,1,23,1,1,3,2,1,3,1,6,2,8,1,9,1,12,1,16,1,19,1","certainphotographs,19,1","certainty,15,1","certificate,3,3","certification,9,1","certified,3,1","certifiedweight,23,1","certifies,4,1","cessation,9,1,16,1","cetane,3,1","cf,13,1","chain,2,2,3,3,8,1","chainbinders,3,1","chained,16,1","chains,3,1,16,1,19,1","chalkboard,14,1","chamber,5,1,18,1,2,3,3,2,4,1,8,1,13,1,16,1,19,4","chamberpush,19,1","chambers,5,1,17,1,2,1,6,1,9,1,16,1,20,1","chamfer,3,1","chamfers,19,1","chance,19,1","change,5,1,7,1,14,2,18,13,22,3,25,2,1,8,2,1,3,13,8,1,9,3,13,1,16,4,15,2,19,25,20,4","changed,20,2","changedirection,4,1","changeinformation,16,1","changes,5,1,10,1,21,1,1,2,3,2,9,1,12,3,13,1,16,2,19,1,20,1","changesliquid,9,1","changesone,13,1","changing,7,1,1,1,20,2","changingits,1,1","changingwith,20,1","channel,7,1,3,1,4,1,9,1,15,1","channels,16,1,15,1","character,11,1,3,1","characteristic,18,2,21,1,22,1,1,1,3,3,4,1,15,1,20,1","characteristicfor,11,1","characteristics,11,4,18,1,22,3,2,1,6,1,16,1,20,2","characteristicschecked,16,1","characterized,2,1","characterizedby,3,1","characters,13,1","charge,14,1,3,4,4,4,6,3,8,2,9,2,19,4,20,1","charged,1,1,13,1","charges,5,2,22,1,23,1,1,3,2,1,3,3,6,2,12,1,19,1","charging,1,1","chart,14,1","chase,3,1,4,1","chasing,10,1,3,1","chassis,5,1,10,1,22,1,2,2,3,14,4,1,6,1,8,1,9,2,12,1,13,3,16,1,19,3,20,2","chassismembers,13,1","chassisof,20,1","chatter,14,1,3,1","cheat,3,1","check,22,1,1,1,3,5,4,5,13,2,20,2","checked,9,1,19,1","checking,3,1,4,1,9,1,13,2,16,1","checkingfixture,23,1","chemical,5,1,18,1","chemicals,5,1,16,1","chest,3,2","chestg,1,1","chests,19,1","chiefly,20,1","child,18,1,3,1,12,1","childcar,15,1","children,3,1,6,1","chip,3,1,9,1","chirp,14,1","chmsl,3,1","choice,3,1,4,1","choices,1,1,3,2,4,1","choicesituations,3,1","chop,7,1,3,1,16,1","chopped,18,1,3,1","chopper,3,1","chord,3,2,13,1","chosen,9,1,20,1","chrome,1,1,2,1,19,1","chrysler,5,1,17,1,18,1,1,1,3,1,9,1,13,1,15,1,16,5,19,1,20,1","chuckle,14,1","circle,18,2,23,2,1,1,2,2,3,5,16,1,20,2","circuit,14,2,18,1,22,1,3,8,4,1,9,4,15,1,16,4,19,8,20,3","circuitous,3,1","circuits,19,1,20,1","circular,18,1,2,1,3,2,6,2,8,1,19,1,20,1","circulate,5,1","circulation,19,1","circumference,18,1,23,1,2,1,4,1,6,1,13,1","circumferential,20,1","circumferentially,20,1","circumferentiallyaround,2,1","circumstance,6,1,13,1,19,1","circumstances,23,1,1,1,3,1,4,2,16,1","circus,3,1","citations,1,1","cities,12,1,16,1","city,2,1,16,1,20,1","civil,20,2","ckd,3,1","cladding,3,1","claim,3,5,6,1","claimant,3,1","claims,3,1","clamping,18,1,12,1","clamps,3,1","clamshell,3,1","clashing,4,1","claspedto,3,1","class,5,1,2,1,3,9,19,1","classes,1,1","classifiable,13,1","classification,5,5,11,1,3,3,4,1,8,1,16,1","classifications,4,1","classified,2,1,19,2","classify,18,1,21,1","clay,5,1,18,1,1,3,3,6,4,1,6,2,16,1,19,5","claymodelers,13,1","clean,2,1,3,2,19,1","cleaned,1,1","cleaner,1,4,19,1","cleaning,1,1,6,1,15,1,20,1","cleanwindow,14,1","clear,1,1,2,1,3,6,4,1,9,3,13,1,14,1","clearance,10,2,18,4,3,3,4,2,8,1,13,3,15,1,19,1","clearancefor,20,1","clearing,3,1","clearly,18,1","cleat,3,1","climate,3,1","climb,7,1,19,1","climbing,16,1","clip,12,1,19,1","clo,3,1","clock,9,1","clockspring,1,1","clockwise,18,1,3,1,12,1","clockwiserotation,12,1","close,5,1,23,1,3,2,14,1,19,1","closed,5,1,11,1,2,1,3,3,9,1,13,1,15,1,16,1,19,2,20,2","closely,6,1,8,1","closer,20,2","closes,18,2,3,1","closest,6,1","closing,3,2,19,1","closure,21,1,16,1","cloth,1,1,8,1","club,2,1","clunk,14,1","cluster,19,1","clusterindicating,23,1","clutch,5,1,23,2,3,5,8,1,9,2","clutches,19,1","clutching,4,1,19,1","clutchpedal,4,1","cm,3,1,4,1,15,1","cmvss,3,1","cn,6,1","coach,3,1","coal,3,3","coasting,3,4","coat,19,2","coated,22,1,16,1","cobbled,3,1","cock,18,1,1,1,3,1","cocks,5,1","cod,3,2","codby,3,1","code,21,2,1,2,3,2","codes,4,1","coe,20,1","coefficient,18,3,25,1,2,1,3,9,4,3,12,1,14,1,16,1,19,1,20,11","coefficientof,19,1","coefficients,22,1","coil,3,1,20,1","coiled,3,1","coils,3,1","coincide,3,1,4,1","coke,3,3","cold,1,1,3,2,4,1,8,1,19,1","collapsing,20,1","collar,19,1","collect,2,1,3,4,6,1","collected,8,1,19,1,20,1","collecting,13,1,15,3","collection,18,1,3,1,12,1,19,1,20,2","collects,23,1,16,1","collegiate,7,2","collide,1,1,3,2","collidein,1,1","collides,22,1","collidethey,3,1","colliding,3,1,4,1,6,2,12,1,16,1","collidingobjects,6,1,9,1","collidingvehicles,18,1","collinear,3,1","collision,5,6,18,6,21,1,22,1,1,4,28,1,2,4,3,25,4,4,6,5,8,1,9,6,12,2,13,9,14,5,15,7,16,3,19,9","collisionare,16,1","collisionbarrier,6,1","collisionforces,19,1","collisionis,10,1,3,1","collisionor,20,1","collisions,3,3,15,1","collisionsequence,9,1","collisionsthey,3,1","collusion,3,1","color,1,1,2,1,3,1,19,2","colorless,3,1","colors,1,1","column,22,1,3,1,4,1,16,3,19,3","com,28,2,26,1","combination,7,6,18,2,23,1,1,1,2,3,3,8,4,5,6,1,12,3,19,2,20,4","combinations,18,1,22,1,8,1,12,1,16,1,19,1","combinationsof,20,1","combinationunit,19,1","combinationvehicle,20,1","combine,20,1","combined,18,1,23,1,1,1,3,2,9,1,20,1","combinedcenter,3,1","combinedinto,13,1","combines,10,1,3,1,4,1","combining,3,2","combustible,1,1,3,1","combustion,3,2,4,2,16,3","combustionchamber,1,1,20,1","combustor,1,1","come,18,1,9,2,16,1","comes,18,1,22,1,23,1,2,2,12,1,20,1","cometo,2,1","comfort,7,1,9,1,19,2","coming,2,1,3,1","comma,18,1","commence,15,1","comments,28,2,26,1","commerce,5,1,3,2,9,1","commercecommission,3,1","commercewithout,3,1","commercial,9,1","commission,5,1,3,1,16,1","committee,16,1","committees,16,1","commodities,5,2,3,2,8,1,9,1,16,1","commodity,7,1,1,1,3,2,6,1","common,11,1,25,1,1,2,3,11,12,1,16,1","commonalty,3,1","commoncarriers,3,1","commonly,5,1,18,2,2,3,3,2,4,2,12,2,13,1,16,1,19,2","commonlyused,18,1","communicate,16,1","communicates,9,1","communications,16,1","comp,2,1","compact,19,1","compacting,2,1,20,1","companies,3,1,9,1","companion,3,1","company,21,1,1,1,2,3,3,5,4,2,9,2,16,1","comparative,20,1","compare,7,1,3,1,9,3,16,1,19,1","compared,3,2,19,1","comparing,4,1,15,1","comparison,18,1,1,1","compartment,7,1,21,1,23,1,3,5,6,1,8,2,9,2,12,2,16,2,19,2","compartmentdeceleration,16,1","compartmentdesigned,13,1","compartmenthoods,7,1","compartmentizer,3,1","compartmentor,3,1","compartments,3,2","compatibility,3,1","compatible,1,1,3,1","compendium,5,1","compensate,3,1,19,1","compensating,9,1","compensation,2,1","competent,20,1","compile,16,1","compiledfrom,15,1","complete,7,1,18,1,22,1,23,1,1,1,2,1,3,6,6,1,16,4,19,1,20,2","completed,5,1,4,1,6,1","completely,3,1,6,1,8,1","completelywelded,3,1","completeoperating,2,1","completes,14,1","completestop,3,1","completion,3,1,16,1","complex,5,1,18,2,3,5","complexity,3,3,16,1","compliance,11,1,3,8","complimentary,3,1","comply,5,1,13,1","component,5,3,22,2,3,10,4,1,6,2,9,1,12,5,14,3,15,1,16,1,19,8,20,1","componentof,1,1","components,5,5,7,1,18,2,22,1,1,1,2,1,3,7,4,2,8,1,13,4,15,1,16,2,19,3,20,1","componentsformed,9,1","composed,3,1,4,1,16,1,20,1","composite,2,2,3,1,19,1","composition,1,2","compound,19,1","compoundbetween,16,1","compounds,3,1","comprehending,16,1","comprehensive,21,1,3,1","compressed,18,1,23,1,1,7,3,2,16,1,19,3,20,1","compression,18,1,1,1,2,3,3,3,6,1,13,2,19,1,20,1","compressionby,3,1","compressionto,4,1","compressor,1,2,2,1,3,2","compressorgoes,23,1","comprise,5,1,4,1,9,1,19,1,20,1","comprised,6,1","comprises,16,1,20,1","comprising,19,1","computed,20,1","computedwith,1,1","computer,5,1,18,1,3,3,15,1,19,1","computerized,19,2","compwcs,3,1","concealed,3,2,19,1","conceals,13,1","concellations,16,1","concentrated,3,1","concentration,2,1","concentric,3,1","concept,5,1,18,1,3,2,14,1,16,1","conceptpackage,16,1","concepts,3,1","concern,3,1","concerning,3,1,9,1,15,1","concerns,3,1","concise,4,1","conclusion,6,1","conclusions,15,1","concrete,1,1,2,2,3,3,13,1,16,2,19,1,20,1","concurrence,3,1,4,1,16,1","concurrencein,5,1","concurring,16,1","condensed,2,1","condenser,3,1","condition,18,2,21,1,1,1,2,2,3,5,4,3,6,1,8,1,9,1,15,7,19,7,20,4","conditionaffecting,6,1","conditioncauses,3,1","conditioning,2,1,3,1,6,3","conditions,5,2,18,1,22,2,1,2,2,1,3,1,4,1,8,1,9,2,13,1,15,1,16,2,19,7,20,2","conductivematerial,3,1","conductor,18,1,3,2,15,1,19,1","conductors,1,1","cone,20,1","conferences,1,1","configurable,15,1,16,1","configuration,22,1,1,2,2,3,4,1,6,1,19,2,20,2","conflict,9,1","conflicting,3,1,9,1","conflicts,4,1","conform,18,1,16,1","conformity,12,1","confused,6,1,12,1","congress,9,1","conicity,20,1","conjectures,15,1","conjunction,23,1,8,1,12,1","conjunctionwith,9,1","connect,1,1,3,1","connected,5,2,23,1,1,3,2,2,3,1,4,3,9,1,16,1,19,7","connectedat,20,1","connecting,5,1,3,5,4,1,6,1,9,1,12,1,19,1","connectingrods,3,1","connection,1,3,2,1,3,1,4,4,19,1","connections,18,1","connectionwith,8,1","connector,7,1,1,1,13,1","connectors,1,1","connects,2,1,3,1,4,1,6,1,20,1","connectthe,2,1","conscious,21,1","consciouseffort,3,1","consensus,16,1","consequence,23,1","consequently,16,1,20,1","conservation,5,1,3,3,13,1","conserved,3,1","consider,18,1","considerable,18,1","consideration,13,1","considerations,16,2","considered,18,1,1,1,2,1,3,4,12,3,13,1,16,1,19,1,20,1","consideredpositive,3,2","considering,16,1","considersboth,3,1","consign,3,1","consignee,1,3,3,3,4,1,6,1,23,1","consignment,1,1,3,1,23,1","consignments,2,1","consignor,3,1,19,1,23,1","consignorto,4,1","consist,7,1,18,1,3,1,19,1,20,1","consistent,3,2,13,1,16,1","consistessentially,19,1","consisting,7,1,21,1,2,2,3,4,4,4,8,1,13,1,19,3,20,2","consistingof,3,1","consists,1,2,4,1,19,2,20,1","consolidated,1,1","conspicuity,3,1","constant,5,3,7,3,18,2,21,2,3,8,8,1,13,1,16,1,19,2,20,2","constantly,3,1","constitute,16,1","constitutes,12,1","constituting,19,1","constrained,4,1","constraints,3,1,15,1","constrict,20,1","constructed,3,1,15,2,16,1,19,3,20,3","constructedon,7,1","construction,17,1,18,2,2,3,3,3,9,1,12,1,15,1,20,1,23,1","constructive,3,2","constructthe,20,1","consumable,20,1","consumableelectrode,13,1","consumed,3,1,20,1","consuming,18,1,22,1,3,1","consumption,6,1","contact,5,1,7,2,11,1,18,1,28,1,1,3,2,2,3,11,4,2,6,6,9,7,12,5,14,1,15,1,16,2,19,3,20,9,23,4","contactbetween,1,1","contactdamage,9,1","contacts,2,1,3,1","contactsthe,2,1","contactwith,3,1","contain,16,1","contained,19,1","containedfluid,8,1","container,18,1,3,4,4,2,20,1","containerand,20,1","containerization,3,1","containers,2,1,19,1","containersof,3,1","containerson,16,1","containing,5,1,11,1,1,1,3,1,4,1,6,1,9,1,13,1,16,1,19,1","contains,2,1,3,2,16,3,19,1","containsclassified,20,1","contamination,13,1","contaminationby,20,1","content,16,2","contents,7,1,28,1,3,2,13,1,14,1,19,1,20,1","context,2,1,12,1","contiguous,16,1,19,1","continued,28,1,2,1,26,1","continues,18,1","continuing,5,1,3,1","continuity,3,1,23,1","continuous,17,1,18,1,3,2,6,1,14,5,15,4,16,1,20,2","continuously,15,1","continuouslyduring,20,1","contour,3,1,4,1,14,1,19,1,20,3","contoured,2,1","contours,1,1","contraband,3,1","contract,2,2,3,2,9,1","contractagainst,5,1","contractfor,1,1","contracting,5,1","contracts,3,1","contrary,2,1","contrast,1,1","contrasted,19,1","contrasting,1,1","contribute,28,1,3,2,15,1,26,1","contributeto,19,1","contributing,6,1","contribution,28,1,4,1,26,1","control,5,7,7,1,11,2,18,3,22,2,1,8,2,3,3,11,4,4,6,8,8,2,9,1,13,3,14,1,15,2,16,7,19,12,20,5,23,1","controlled,5,2,18,3,1,1,2,1,3,8,6,1,9,3,13,1,19,2,20,2","controlledaround,11,1","controllers,18,1","controlling,7,1,2,1,3,1,6,1,19,1","controlobjectives,13,1","controlof,16,1","controlpoint,3,1","controls,5,1,18,1,22,1,1,3,2,4,3,2,4,1,12,1,16,2,19,3,20,2","controlto,1,1,8,1","convenience,3,1,4,1","conventional,1,1,2,2,3,3,19,2,20,1","conventionalassemblies,19,1","converging,18,1","conversation,2,1","convert,2,1,4,1","converter,3,2,20,1","convertible,2,2,3,4,16,1,19,1","converts,10,1,2,2","convex,3,2","conveyances,20,1","conveyed,9,1","conveyer,15,1","conveying,1,1","conveys,16,1","cool,5,1,9,1","coolant,5,1,3,2","cooling,17,1,1,2,3,4,8,2,20,2","coordinate,18,1,3,1","coordinates,1,1","coordination,3,1,16,2","cope,3,1","copy,28,1,13,1,16,1","copyright,28,1","cor,3,1","cord,3,2,16,1,19,1,20,1,23,1","cords,18,1,2,1,3,3,16,1,20,6","core,3,1,19,1","corkscrew,23,1","corner,3,1,4,1,13,1,23,1","cornered,3,1","cornering,3,2,20,3","corneringcoefficient,20,1","cornfield,3,1","corporate,13,1,16,1,20,1","corporation,9,2","corporationunder,3,1","correct,1,1,16,1,20,1,23,1","correctany,4,1","corrected,15,1","correction,18,1","correlating,15,1","corresponding,14,1,19,2,20,1","correspondingpoints,20,1","correspondingun,21,1","corresponds,6,1,16,1,20,1","cos,3,1","cost,5,3,18,2,21,1,3,2,4,1,16,3,20,2","costing,3,1","costs,16,1","could,5,1,11,1,1,1,3,2,4,1,6,1","couldnot,14,1","coulomb,3,1","count,2,1,3,1,4,1,8,1,19,1","counted,19,1","counter,3,1","counterclockwise,3,1","countershafts,6,1","counting,2,1,3,1","countries,13,2","country,5,2,9,1,16,1","counts,16,1","county,16,1","coupe,16,1","couple,10,1,11,1,3,1,15,2,19,1","couplebetween,15,1","coupled,7,1,10,1,2,1,3,4,4,1,12,1,19,1,20,2","coupledtogether,3,1","coupler,11,2,21,1,3,7,4,3,16,2,19,2","coupling,21,1,3,1,4,3,16,2,19,1","course,18,2,2,1,3,3,4,1,9,2,20,1,23,1","cover,1,5,3,2,4,1,16,1,19,1,23,1","covered,5,1,3,2,15,1,16,1,19,1","covering,7,1,1,1,2,2,3,1,9,1,12,1,20,1","coveringthe,8,1","covers,5,1,2,1,23,1","cowl,5,1,22,1,3,2,19,1","cp,3,1,16,1","cpillars,16,1","cpk,3,1,16,1","cpm,3,1","cpv,3,1","cr,3,4,13,1","cramp,3,1","crane,7,2,18,1,8,1,15,1","cranes,20,1","crank,3,2,20,1","crankcase,2,1,3,2","cranking,2,1","cranks,2,1","cranksfor,3,1","crankshaft,22,1,3,3,4,1,16,1,19,1,20,1","crash,18,3,22,1,1,2,2,2,3,6,4,2,6,1,13,1,16,8,19,1","crashcondition,1,1,19,1","crashes,1,1","crashinto,13,1","crashsensor,1,1","crashworthiness,22,1,15,1","crate,5,1","crease,3,1","create,18,1","created,18,1,2,1,19,1,24,1","creates,18,1","creative,13,1","credited,1,1","creditors,1,1","creeper,3,1","crest,3,1","crew,3,3,4,3,15,1","crews,3,1","crib,3,1","criteria,2,1,4,1,9,2","criterion,1,1","critical,25,1,1,1,3,11,4,1","crook,2,1,3,2","cross,2,4,3,7,4,1,6,2,9,4,14,1,20,1","crossbars,19,1","crosses,3,1,19,1","crossing,1,1,3,1,9,3","crossover,3,1","crosswise,12,1","crotch,6,1","crowd,2,1","crown,2,2,3,1","crowsfeet,3,1","cruise,1,1,2,1,3,13,9,2,20,2","crummy,3,1","crumpling,9,1","crush,5,3,18,3,2,2,3,6,4,2,13,4,19,1","crush2,13,1","crushed,18,1","crushes,13,1","crushing,3,1","cryogenic,3,1","cs,3,1","csa,3,1","csm,3,1","csv,18,1","ctc,3,1","ctl,3,1","ctln,3,1","cube,3,1,8,2","cubic,3,6,4,1","cubical,20,1","cubicfeet,3,1","cubicvolume,8,1","cubing,3,1","cummins,8,1","curb,3,3,9,1,13,1,19,1","curing,3,1","current,5,1,18,4,22,2,1,8,2,2,3,12,4,5,8,1,13,2,15,3,16,1,19,1","currentconsuming,16,1,19,1","currentflowing,1,1","currentin,18,1","currentlyuntreatable,1,1","curvature,3,1","curve,10,1,21,1,1,2,2,2,3,7,4,2,12,1,15,2,16,2,19,1,20,2","curved,3,3,6,1,8,2,12,2,19,1,20,2","curves,12,1,15,1,19,1","curving,3,1","cushion,11,2,18,2,1,5,3,4,4,3,6,1,8,1,9,3,13,1,15,2,19,1,23,1","cushioned,3,1","cushions,18,1,1,3,3,2,4,1","cushionsystems,18,1","custom,3,1,19,1,20,1","customarilyconsigns,2,1","customary,2,1","customer,17,2,3,2,6,1,12,1,14,1","customerdissatisfaction,11,1","customers,17,1,16,1","customized,3,1","customs,5,1","customsofficer,5,1","cut,11,1,18,1,3,3,6,3,8,1,16,1,19,2","cutline,3,1","cutoff,4,1,20,1","cutout,3,2","cutoutthe,3,1","cutthrough,19,1","cutting,2,1","cv,3,1","cvis,13,1","cvsa,28,1","cycle,5,1,2,2,3,3,6,3,8,1,9,1,15,1,16,1,20,6","cycles,3,1","cyclic,19,1","cyclist,3,1,14,1","cylinder,5,2,7,1,18,1,1,1,2,8,4,1,9,4,19,1,20,1,23,5","cylinderdivided,22,1","cylinderpressure,6,1","cylinders,5,4,1,1,2,2,4,1,8,2,9,2,14,1,22,1","cylindrical,18,1,2,3,3,1,4,1,9,1","cylindrically,4,1","d22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witness,1,1","orwrecker,8,1","oscar,8,1,15,1","oscillation,3,1,4,1,16,1,19,1,22,1,23,2","oscillations,20,1","oscillatory,1,4,8,1,15,3,16,1","oscillograph,15,1","osha,15,1","osm,15,1","othera,19,1","otheraccidents,4,1","otheraction,19,1","otherboundary,20,1","otherdepressions,14,1","otherinferential,1,1","otherlow,8,1","otheroutdoor,20,1","otherthan,19,1,20,1","othertrack,19,1","othervehicle,4,1","otherwise,2,1,13,2,16,1,19,1","otr,12,1,15,1","outer,1,1,2,2,3,1,4,4,6,1,8,2,12,1,15,1,20,1,23,1","outeredge,19,1","outin,19,1","outline,3,1,20,1","output,18,1,1,1,2,1,3,3,4,1,6,1,12,1,16,2,19,2,20,1,22,1","outputs,6,1","outputshaft,7,1","outriggers,15,1","outsert,15,1","outside,18,1,21,1,2,1,3,2,5,1,6,1,9,1,15,5,16,1,19,3,20,1","outsidediameter,20,1","outsideof,5,1","outsidesupplier,15,1","outsidesuppliers,19,1","outstanding,3,1","outward,3,1","overa,20,1","overall,21,2,7,2,14,1,15,10,16,1,19,1,20,2","overbend,15,1","overcharge,3,2","overdrive,21,1,4,1,13,1,15,1,19,1","overflow,2,1","overhang,18,1,15,2","overhangingfreight,9,1","overhead,18,1,4,1,16,1","overlap,13,1,15,1","overlay,15,1","overloaded,6,1,15,1","overreaction,25,1,15,1","override,5,1,15,1","overriding,15,1","overseas,15,1","oversized,15,1","overspeed,18,1,15,1","overspending,15,1","oversteer,18,2,21,1,3,2,15,2","overtaking,2,1","overthe,3,1,4,1,6,1","overtime,3,1","overturn,14,1","overturning,8,1,15,4,20,1","overwhich,4,1","owing,6,2,12,2","owingto,7,1","own,3,1,4,1,16,1,20,2","owned,18,1,9,1,16,1","owner,2,1,8,2,15,1,20,1","ownership,16,1","ownershipsassigned,16,1","owning,4,1,8,1","ownresponse,3,1","owns,15,1","owntruck,7,1","ownweight,20,1","oxide,3,1","pab,1,1","paces,13,1","package,3,3,16,8,19,2,20,1,22,1","packages,2,1,3,1,19,2","packaging,5,2","packed,3,1,14,1","packing,1,1,3,1,14,1,20,1","pad,2,1,4,1,13,1,11,1,16,1,19,1","padding,19,1","pads,4,1","paid,2,1,3,1,4,1","paint,21,1,1,1,2,1,3,1,4,1,5,2,6,1","painted,1,2,2,1,4,1,19,2","paintedcar,4,1","paintingwith,13,1","pair,18,1,2,1,3,2,4,1,7,1,15,1,16,2,19,6,20,3,23,1","pallet,16,1","palletized,16,1","pallets,16,1","pan,18,1,21,1,2,1,13,1,16,3,19,2,20,2","panassemblies,21,1","panassembly,19,1","panedirectly,3,1","panel,17,2,18,7,21,1,1,3,2,5,3,3,4,2,5,1,13,2,7,2,6,1,8,4,9,2,12,2,15,1,16,4,19,10,20,5,22,3","panelor,5,1","panels,2,1,3,2,13,1,6,3,16,1,19,6","pantograph,16,1","paper,2,3,3,1,4,2,6,2,15,1,16,2,20,1","par,16,1","parallel,1,1,2,1,3,5,4,1,6,1,8,1,12,4,16,5,19,4,20,6","parallelingan,6,1","parallelogram,16,1","parameter,18,1,21,1,1,1,13,1,8,1,9,3,15,1,19,1","parameterfor,11,1","parameters,9,1,16,1","park,16,1","parking,2,1,19,3","parkway,6,1","part,18,9,21,2,1,5,2,13,3,13,4,8,5,9,13,2,7,1,6,2,8,1,9,3,14,1,15,4,16,6,19,9,20,5,23,2","partial,3,1,13,1,16,1","partially,11,1","partiallyunload,1,1","participating,3,1,16,1","particle,7,1,14,2","particles,2,1,7,1,19,1","particular,2,1,3,2,4,1,8,1,16,2,19,1,20,2,22,4","particularindustry,1,1","particularly,1,1,16,1","particularlycomponent,7,1","particularmatter,9,1","particularperson,4,1","particulate,1,1","parting,16,1,19,1","partition,5,1,7,1","partlocating,12,1","partof,8,1","parts,18,4,21,3,1,3,2,4,3,6,4,4,5,2,13,3,6,1,8,1,9,6,12,1,14,1,15,1,16,4,19,4,20,3,22,1,23,1","partsand,21,1","partsbeing,13,1","partshaving,1,1","partsto,5,1","party,9,1,16,1","pas,16,4","pase,16,1","pass,4,2,9,1,15,1,19,1","passage,1,1,16,1,19,2","passages,5,1,9,1","passageway,19,1","passageways,6,1","passanother,8,1","passed,2,1,6,1,9,1,19,1","passenger,1,2,6,1,9,3,11,1,16,3,19,2,23,1","passengers,3,2,13,1,7,1,6,1,15,1","passes,3,3,4,1,6,1","passing,18,1,1,1,2,3,3,2,8,1,9,1,14,1,19,2","passive,18,1,1,1,16,1","passthrough,19,1","passuum,13,1","past,2,1","patch,3,1,20,1","path,10,1,18,1,1,2,3,11,7,1,8,1,9,1,15,2,19,3,20,2","pathof,15,1","paths,1,1,2,1","paththrough,16,1","pattern,3,1,4,1,7,1,8,1,9,3,14,1,16,1,19,1,20,3","patternof,16,1","paved,18,1","pavement,18,1,2,1,3,2,4,1,7,2,16,3,19,1,20,3","paving,3,1,19,1","pawl,18,2,2,2,16,1","payload,7,2,13,1,20,1","payment,3,1,5,1,6,1","paymentmade,4,1","pays,2,1","pc,3,1,6,1","pcap,13,1","pci,16,1","pcn,1,1,16,1","pcp,16,1","pcr,16,1","pdof,16,1","peak,16,6,20,14","pedal,1,4,2,10,3,1,4,1,9,1,14,1,20,1","pedalcycle,16,1","pedals,16,1","pedestal,19,1","pedestrian,18,3,1,1,6,3,16,3,19,1,20,1,23,3","pedestrians,3,1,14,1,19,1,20,1","pegs,8,1","pellet,1,1","pen,14,1","pencilon,14,1","pending,5,1","penetration,13,1","peo,3,2","peofor,3,1","people,1,1,3,1,16,1,19,2","per,18,10,1,1,2,1,3,4,4,2,7,1,6,2,8,2,12,2,13,2,15,2,16,1,19,5,20,3,22,1","perceived,18,1,8,1","perceivedaudibly,2,1","perceives,4,1","percent,2,4,3,2,4,1,7,3,6,1,9,6,12,1,14,1,16,1,19,2,20,1,22,2","percentage,18,1,3,1,5,2,9,1,12,2,13,1,15,2,16,1,20,2,22,2","percentagefound,19,1","percentile,14,1","perceptible,6,2","perception,18,3,4,9,16,10","perceptiondoes,4,1","percussive,4,1","performance,2,1,3,1,5,2,6,1,9,2,17,1,15,1,16,6,19,1,20,1","performed,6,1,12,1,15,1,16,1,19,1","performing,18,1","performingservice,4,1","performs,3,1,20,1","performsthe,18,1","period,18,1,1,3,3,3,6,1,12,2,16,5","periodic,16,4,19,2","periodically,9,1","periodsand,13,1","periodsoccurring,6,1","peripheral,19,1,20,1","periphery,2,1,4,1,6,1","perishable,18,1,2,1,9,1,16,1","perishables,8,1","permanent,18,1,3,2,15,1","permanentdeformation,3,1","permanently,3,1","permanentlyor,13,1","permissible,2,3,16,1,20,2","permissibleinflation,13,1","permit,3,1,4,1,8,1,12,1,15,1,20,1","permitair,6,1","permitcars,19,1","permits,3,1,4,1,6,1,19,1,20,1,23,1","permitted,18,2,1,1,2,1,3,2,4,1","permitting,3,1,6,1,8,1","peroxide,12,1","perpendicular,3,1,12,9,14,1,19,1,20,4","perpendicularly,20,1","perpendicularto,20,1","person,18,4,1,3,3,4,4,2,6,2,8,1,9,4,15,1,16,3,19,1,20,2,22,1,23,1","personal,3,1,9,1","persons,18,1,1,1,2,2,3,1,8,1,13,1,15,1,19,2,20,1","personwho,18,1","perspective,16,1","pert,16,1","pertaining,18,1,19,1","pertinent,5,1","pertinentspecifications,3,1","peryear,3,1","petroleum,1,1,12,1","pf,16,1","pgm,16,1","phase,3,1,4,1,5,1,9,1,16,2,19,1,20,5","phases,16,1,19,1,20,3","phenomenon,18,1","photo,13,1,19,1","photoelectric,19,1","photogrammetry,16,1","photograph,4,1,16,2,19,2","photographs,16,1","phrase,28,1,4,1,30,1","physical,18,1,25,1,1,1,3,1,4,1,6,1,8,1,16,1,23,1","physicaland,5,1","physics,3,1,5,1","physicswhich,11,1","pi,16,1","pick,12,1,16,1,20,1","picked,16,1","picks,9,1","pickup,1,1","pickups,12,1","piece,18,1,21,1,2,4,5,2,8,2,11,1,12,1,13,1,16,1,19,1,20,5","pieces,18,1,3,1,12,1,13,1,19,1,20,2","pier,4,1","pierced,14,1","piercing,12,1","piggy,16,1","piggyback,19,1","pigment,19,2","pigmented,1,1","pigs,4,1","pile,4,1","pill,1,1","pillar,1,2,2,6,3,6,4,2,6,1,8,1,12,1,13,2,16,2,19,5,20,1,22,1,23,2","pillars,1,1,4,1,7,1,16,3","pilot,1,1,2,1,16,5","pin,10,2,2,2,3,2,4,2,11,3,16,4,19,1","pinand,3,1","pinch,16,2,19,1,23,1","ping,14,1","pinion,18,4,1,1","pink,16,1","pins,4,1","pintle,4,1,16,1,22,1","pipe,1,5,2,3,5,8,7,2,6,1,8,2,19,3","pipes,1,1,2,1,16,1","piping,1,1,2,1","piston,2,2,3,2,4,1,6,1,9,1,16,1,19,1,20,1,22,1,23,1","pistonconverts,2,1","pistons,3,1,19,1,23,2","pit,18,1,16,1","pitch,1,2,12,1,16,2,20,2,22,1","pitched,14,7","pitching,16,1","pitchroll,18,1","pitman,6,1,9,1,16,3","pitmanarm,9,1,16,1","pivot,18,1,2,2,3,1,4,1,6,1,8,1,9,1,16,2,19,2,20,1,23,1","pivoted,2,1,16,1","pivoting,11,1,19,1,20,1","pivotpin,11,1","pk,16,1","placard,16,1","place,10,1,2,4,3,4,4,1,7,1,6,2,9,2,12,1,13,1,15,1,16,4,19,5,20,1,23,1","placed,2,2,3,6,4,2,7,1,6,2,9,2,13,1,16,3,19,4,20,2","placedabout,18,1","placedbetween,4,1","placement,3,2","places,1,1","placing,19,1","plainly,20,1","plan,3,2,4,1,16,3","plane,18,2,1,5,3,7,4,1,5,1,6,3,8,2,9,1,12,6,14,3,15,1,19,4,20,5,23,3","planeperpendicular,4,1","planes,1,1,3,1,5,1,12,1,16,1,19,1","planetary,16,2","planned,18,1,19,1","planning,3,2,5,3,8,1,15,1,16,5","plans,5,1,9,1,16,1","plant,2,1,3,1,6,1,9,2,12,1,20,2","plantor,5,1","plants,10,1,18,1,9,1,15,2","plantsinventories,15,1","plaster,18,1,11,1","plastic,18,1,1,1,2,2,3,1,4,1,5,1,6,1,9,2,13,1,19,3,20,6,22,1","plasticor,3,1","plate,18,2,2,7,3,4,7,1,6,2,13,1,16,1,19,6,20,7","plateau,16,1","plated,6,1","platen,20,1","plates,3,1,5,3,7,1,14,1,20,1,22,1","plateson,3,1","platform,4,2,12,1,15,1,16,2,19,1","plating,22,1","play,6,2,12,1","playout,2,2","plenum,16,2,19,1","plies,2,1,3,1,4,1,16,2,20,4","plp,16,1","plug,16,1","plugs,4,1","plumbing,16,1","plunger,19,2","plunges,20,1","plus,4,1,16,2,19,3","ply,18,2,2,4,16,6,20,5","plywood,2,1,20,1","pneumatic,18,1,16,3,20,1","pocket,2,2","pocketsor,8,1","pod,16,1","poi,6,1","point,18,11,1,17,2,12,3,12,4,5,7,2,6,7,8,4,9,13,11,1,12,4,14,4,13,3,15,5,16,16,19,13,20,19,22,2,23,4","pointabout,14,1","pointare,9,1","pointcolder,3,1","pointed,3,1,13,2,19,1","pointin,9,1,12,1,14,1,16,1,19,1","pointlocated,13,1","pointmidway,1,1","pointof,6,1","points,18,1,1,1,3,2,4,1,7,2,6,4,9,3,14,1,13,1,16,3,19,3,20,4,22,2,23,1","pointwhere,3,1","poisonous,3,1","polar,18,1,1,1","polarity,16,2","pole,13,2,16,4,19,1,20,1","poles,3,1","poletrailer,12,1","police,21,1","pollution,5,1","poly,16,1","polyester,18,1","pool,16,1","poordie,2,1","population,21,1,14,1,16,1","pork,16,1,19,1","porosity,1,1","port,4,1,5,1,16,2","portable,3,1,16,1,19,2","portion,21,2,1,1,2,5,3,3,4,5,5,1,6,2,8,1,9,3,12,2,13,2,16,1,19,8,20,4,23,1","portionof,6,1","portions,19,1","portland,3,2,16,2","ports,1,1,2,1,4,1,5,1,9,2,16,1","position,10,1,18,5,21,2,1,4,2,6,3,9,4,4,5,1,7,1,6,2,8,1,9,1,11,5,12,4,13,4,15,3,16,5,19,15,20,5","positioned,18,1,6,1,8,1,13,1,19,1","positionof,6,1","positions,4,1,5,1,12,1,13,1,19,1,20,1","positive,18,2,1,1,3,2,5,1,7,1,12,1,16,3,19,1,20,2,22,1","positively,9,1","possessed,2,1,16,1","possession,4,1","possibility,3,1,4,1,20,1","possible,1,1,2,1,3,1,5,1,16,8","possibleevasive,4,1","possibly,3,1,4,1","post,2,2,3,2,4,1,9,1,16,7,23,1","posture,16,1","potential,3,1,4,2,5,2,6,1,16,4,19,1,22,1","potentialobsolescence,15,1","pound,3,2,6,3,9,1,11,2,12,1,13,1","pounder,2,1","pounds,18,1,3,2,7,1,8,2,11,1,12,3,14,2,13,1,16,1,19,1","pouring,3,1","power,21,1,1,6,2,6,3,3,4,3,5,2,6,1,8,9,9,1,12,1,14,1,16,21,19,3,20,10,22,1,23,5","powered,1,2,4,3,5,1,8,1,12,1,13,2,16,1,19,3,20,2","powerfrom,2,2","powerful,19,1","poweroutput,13,1","powerrequired,20,1","powerthrough,4,1","powerwindows,1,1","ppc,16,1","ppi,16,1","ppk,16,1","pppi,16,1","ppqr,16,1","pr,16,1","practical,4,1","practice,2,1","practices,9,1","pre,18,1,1,1,4,1,9,1,16,6,19,2","precedence,19,1","precedes,20,1","preceding,1,1","precedinginjury,18,1","precepts,16,1","precisely,14,1","precision,14,1","precluding,20,1","predetermined,18,1,9,1,19,1","predeterminedvalue,12,1","predominantly,2,1,20,1","preferablyconsists,2,1","preferences,6,1","preferred,16,1","preliminary,18,1,2,1,5,2,16,3,20,1","premium,3,1","preparation,20,2","prepare,18,1","prepared,18,1,2,1,3,1,6,1,23,1","preparing,20,1","preproduction,3,2","preproductioncontrol,5,1","prescribed,18,1,1,1,3,1,4,1,10,1,14,1","prescribes,19,1","present,3,2,8,1,19,1,22,2","presentin,4,1","presents,4,1","preset,13,1,19,1,22,2","president,3,1","press,3,4,20,3,23,1","pressed,9,1,15,1","pressing,2,1","pressings,8,1","pressure,18,4,21,1,1,12,2,18,3,2,4,1,5,4,10,1,7,3,6,5,9,2,12,3,14,2,13,2,15,9,16,5,19,11,20,6,23,1","pressurewithin,1,1","pressurized,1,1","prevailing,19,1","prevent,2,5,3,3,4,2,8,1,16,1,19,2","prevented,6,1,16,1","preventing,18,1,2,1,3,1,10,1","prevention,15,1,16,1","preventionoriented,19,1","preventmovement,4,1","preventrain,18,1","prevents,18,1,13,1,22,1","previous,18,2","previously,2,1","pricesservices,6,1","primarily,21,1,1,1,3,1,12,1,13,1,19,2,20,2,22,1","primarilyregistered,2,1","primary,18,1,1,2,2,1,9,1,15,1,16,5,19,1","prime,4,1,16,1","primer,1,1,5,1","primerhave,5,1","priming,5,1","principal,3,1,9,1,16,1,20,1","principalmodes,13,1","principle,3,2,4,1,5,2,14,1,13,1,16,1","principles,18,1,16,1","prindle,16,1","print,2,3,9,1,16,1","printed,2,1,4,1","prints,18,1,2,1,20,1","prior,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,1,6,1,12,1,13,1,15,1,16,2,19,1","prioritize,6,1","priority,16,1","priorto,5,1","prism,13,1","private,16,2,20,1","privatelogging,15,1","privileged,16,1","prndl,16,1","pro,18,2","probability,1,1,16,1","probable,16,2","probe,4,1","problem,4,2,5,2,15,2,16,2","problems,4,1,5,1,9,3,14,1,15,1,16,2","procedure,2,2","procedures,16,1","proceed,18,1,5,2,8,1,19,1","proceedsalong,3,1","process,18,2,1,2,2,2,3,7,5,4,6,2,8,1,9,4,11,1,14,2,17,1,16,10,19,6,20,1","processand,6,1","processchange,19,1","processdefinition,13,1","processed,8,1","processes,13,1,17,1,16,1","processing,2,1,16,1","procurement,18,1,3,1,5,2","prodriver,21,1,1,1,10,1,6,1,8,1,9,3,15,3,16,1,19,1","produce,18,1,2,1,4,1,5,2,9,1,14,1,17,1,15,1,16,1,19,3,22,1","produced,18,2,25,1,1,1,2,2,3,4,15,1,16,1,19,3,21,1,23,2","producedby,23,1","producers,19,1","produces,1,2,6,1,15,1,19,2","producesalternating,1,1","producing,18,2,1,2,8,1,19,1","product,1,2,2,1,3,3,4,3,5,4,7,1,9,1,11,3,12,1,13,3,17,1,15,1,16,21,19,3,20,2","productdevelopment,3,1","productdirection,16,1","productdirectly,20,1","production,18,4,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,1,10,1,6,1,8,1,13,3,16,7","productionbodies,12,1","productionparts,5,1","productionprocess,16,1","productionrun,1,1","productionstamping,3,1","productiontools,16,1","productletter,16,1","products,4,1,6,1,11,1,17,1,16,1,19,1,20,3","professional,12,1,16,1","profile,12,1,20,1","profitmargin,18,1","program,1,1,3,3,4,1,5,4,6,1,13,4,16,13,20,1","programbodies,16,1","programmed,16,1","programmedmotions,18,1","programs,3,1","progresses,16,1","progressesfrom,20,1","progressive,16,1","progressively,16,1,19,1","progressivelyspread,9,1","prohibit,5,1","prohibited,2,1,3,1,16,1","prohibiting,18,1","prohibits,15,1","projected,13,1,15,1","projecting,6,1","projection,18,1,3,1,6,1","projections,19,1","projects,3,1,6,1","prolink,20,1","prolongation,9,1,20,2","prolonged,6,1,14,1","promote,28,1,26,1","promoteearly,4,1","prongs,1,2","pronounced,16,1","prony,16,1","proof,14,2","propellant,1,1","propelled,5,1,13,1,20,1","propelledby,16,1","propeller,7,1,16,1","proper,2,1,3,4,12,1,20,1,21,1,23,1","properalignment,3,1","properlimits,5,1","properly,18,1","properties,1,1,3,2,5,1,8,1,16,1,19,1,20,1","property,18,2,1,4,3,2,5,1,9,1,13,1,19,3,20,4","propertywhich,6,1","proportion,18,1,2,1,20,1","proportional,3,1","proportioned,22,1","proportioning,16,1","proportions,3,1","proposed,1,1,3,2,13,1,16,1,20,1","propsed,16,1","protect,1,1,3,1,4,2,5,1,6,1,9,1,19,1","protectan,1,1","protectboth,6,1","protected,2,1","protecting,23,1","protection,18,2,1,1,3,2,4,2,5,2,8,1,15,1,19,1,20,1,22,1","protective,1,1,2,1,7,1,8,1,15,1,19,1,20,1","protectoccupants,3,1","protector,1,1","protects,3,1","prototype,3,1,4,2,5,1,16,2,19,1,22,1","prove,4,1,6,1,19,1","provenmanufacturing,13,1","proveout,16,1","provide,1,3,3,1,4,5,5,1,6,1,9,1,19,1,20,2","provided,3,2,8,1,19,1,20,1","providefor,19,1","providelateral,2,1","providerestraint,3,1","provides,18,2,1,2,2,2,3,4,6,2,12,1,14,1,13,1,15,1,16,4,19,3,20,1,22,1","provideslogical,5,1","providesnotice,16,1","providing,3,2,4,1,8,1,9,1,16,1,20,1,21,1,22,1,23,1","proving,2,1","provisions,12,1,22,1","provisionsof,12,1","proximity,3,1","pry,10,1","ps,16,1","psi,1,2,2,2,14,1,16,1,20,1","psp,16,1","psu,16,1","pt,16,1","pto,22,1","public,3,2,6,1,8,1,9,1,16,2,24,1","publication,18,1,3,1","publicfor,8,1,20,1","publicly,8,2","published,3,2,5,1,12,1","publishing,16,1","puddle,18,1,4,1,12,1,16,2,19,1","puddles,20,1","pull,18,1,4,1,6,1,16,1","pulled,19,2","pulledbehind,16,1","pulling,5,1,8,1,20,1,23,1","pulse,1,2,16,1,19,2","pump,1,2,9,2,16,5,19,1,20,2","pumps,16,1","punch,18,1","punchsurface,19,1","pup,16,1","purchase,9,1","pure,7,1,16,1","purelyof,1,1","purifying,1,1,15,1","purpose,18,3,1,3,2,2,3,5,4,2,6,1,8,2,11,1,12,1,13,1,15,1,16,1,19,1","purposeof,3,1,8,1,19,2","purposes,2,2,3,1,7,2,6,1,8,1,13,1,15,1,20,5,22,1","purposesother,19,1","push,6,1,12,1,16,1,19,1","pushed,9,1,19,1","pusher,1,1,16,2","pushing,5,1","puton,16,1","pvs,16,1","pwm,6,1","pyro,16,1","pyrometer,16,1","pyrotechnic,1,1,16,2","q1,17,1","qcm,17,1","qe,17,1","qfd,17,1","qos,17,1","qs9000,17,1","qualified,16,1","qualify,3,1","qualities,3,1","quality,1,1,3,1,4,3,9,1,11,1,12,2,13,1,17,7,16,2,19,8,20,4","qualityproduct,16,1","quantitative,15,1","quantities,5,2,16,1","quantity,1,2,3,2,5,2,6,1,9,1,12,2,13,1,19,3,21,1,22,2,23,1","quantityshould,12,1","quantityto,18,1","quarter,18,2,2,3,17,1,19,3","quarteran,2,1","quarterpanels,20,1","queen,11,1","quench,17,1","quenches,6,1","questioning,1,1,4,1,9,1","questions,28,1","quick,3,1,5,2,8,1,13,1,17,1,20,1","quickly,3,1,19,1","quickrecharge,5,1","rabbet,18,1","racer,18,1,3,1","racing,3,1,11,1,13,1","rack,18,4,1,2,3,2,13,1","racks,1,3,19,1","racy,13,1","radial,18,5,4,1,12,1,19,1,20,8","radian,12,1","radians,18,1,1,1,12,2","radiating,12,1","radiatingintermittently,3,1","radiator,3,1,8,1,12,1,19,1","radii,4,1,20,1","radio,18,3,1,1,19,1","radiosignals,18,1","radium,20,2","radius,18,4,1,2,4,6,5,1,6,1,12,3,19,7,20,7","radiusand,18,1","rag,15,1","rai,13,1","rail,18,6,1,1,2,1,3,2,4,1,5,1,10,1,6,3,8,2,9,7,12,3,13,2,15,1,19,1,20,3,23,1","railroad,18,2,1,1,2,3,3,2,4,1,6,1,8,2,9,1,12,1,15,1,16,5","railroadconstruction,12,1","railroads,9,1","rails,2,2,3,3,4,1,7,4,6,1,9,1,12,1,14,1,15,1,19,2,20,2,22,1","railway,15,1","rain,18,1","raise,4,1,10,1,8,1,11,1","raised,2,1","raising,18,1,1,1","rake,18,1,19,1","ramp,18,1,1,2,5,4,19,1","random,18,2","range,1,1,3,1,4,2,5,1,8,1,12,1,20,2","ranges,20,1","rapid,4,2,6,1,8,1,11,1,14,1,17,1,16,1,23,1","rapidly,14,2","rar,13,1","ratchet,18,2,2,2,16,1","rate,18,7,25,3,1,5,2,2,3,9,4,6,5,6,6,1,8,1,9,1,12,7,13,2,15,2,16,1,19,13,20,3,21,2,22,3","ratechange,1,1","rated,18,2,3,1,7,1","ratedload,20,1","ratemeasured,4,1,19,1","rates,3,5","ratesand,9,1","ratespublished,3,1","ratestogether,3,1","ratetoward,18,1","rather,3,2,4,1,6,1,13,1,19,2","rating,2,1,3,2,7,8,8,1,13,3,15,1,16,2,20,2","ratings,5,2","ratio,18,3,1,14,2,3,3,2,4,7,5,1,7,10,6,2,9,1,12,2,14,1,13,1,15,5,19,12,21,3,20,5","ratiocombinations,20,1","ration,1,1,7,1,21,1","ratioof,15,1,19,1,20,1","ratios,1,1,3,1,20,1","rattle,14,1","raw,16,1","rayon,2,1","razor,6,1","rc,13,1","rd,2,1","reach,8,1","reached,3,4,5,1,8,2,21,1,22,1","reaches,2,1,15,1","reaching,1,1","reachstatic,4,1","reaction,18,7,1,1,3,8,4,5,14,1,15,2,16,2,19,2,24,1","reactiondistance,19,1","reactions,18,1,3,1","reacts,5,1","read,8,1,20,1","reader,18,1,20,1","readily,1,1","readilyobservable,3,1","readilyremovable,19,1","readiness,1,1,23,1","reading,1,1","ready,3,1","reality,6,1","really,3,1","realse,16,1","reapplication,7,1","rear,18,16,1,7,2,6,3,10,4,11,5,2,7,3,6,6,8,3,9,1,11,1,12,3,13,2,15,8,17,3,16,8,19,21,21,1,20,11,23,3","rearaxle,3,1","rearaxles,23,1","rearbumper,7,1","rearend,15,1","rearmost,18,1","rearof,18,1,2,1","rearpart,12,1","rearportion,19,1","rearquarter,18,1","rearseats,16,1","rearsprings,8,1","reartires,15,1,20,1","rearview,15,1","rearward,1,1,3,4,16,1,19,1","reason,4,1,15,1","reasonably,11,1","reasontravels,20,1","rebound,18,8,3,3,13,2","rebuilt,7,1","receipt,1,1,4,3,19,1","receiptof,3,1","receive,2,1,3,1,4,1,9,1","received,1,1,4,1,9,2,16,1,20,1","receivedin,15,1","receiver,2,4","receives,5,1,13,1","receiving,18,1","recent,12,1,16,1","receptacle,3,1,4,1","recipient,16,1","reciprocal,16,1","recirculation,5,1","recognitionprocess,17,1","recognized,1,1,9,1,16,1","recognizessupplier,17,1","recoil,18,1","recollection,18,1","recommended,2,1,15,1,16,2,19,2,20,2","reconditioning,2,1","reconstruct,16,1","reconstruction,18,1,1,2,3,2,8,1,12,1,16,2,26,1,28,10","reconstructionists,28,9","reconstructionistwould,19,1","reconstructs,2,1","record,18,3,3,2,4,1,9,3,16,1,20,1","recorded,4,2,5,1,8,1,15,1,20,1","recordedas,9,1","recorder,1,1,3,1","recording,1,1,6,1,15,1","recordingmechanism,19,1","recordmodel,16,1","records,3,1,4,2,12,1,15,1","recordsvarious,20,1","recovered,1,1","recovering,19,1","recovery,4,1","recreation,20,1","rectangle,16,1,19,1","rectangular,2,1","recurringcycles,16,1","recurs,19,1","red,18,1,1,1,2,1,3,1,6,1,8,1,12,2,23,1","redbook,18,3,3,1","redbookcosting,5,1","redistribution,23,1","reduce,4,1,15,1,19,3","reduced,18,1,1,1,4,1,12,1","reducerotational,18,1","reduces,2,1,4,1,19,1","reducing,2,2,3,1,19,1","reduction,18,1,1,2,3,1,4,1,5,1,9,1,16,1,19,4","reductiongenerally,4,1","reductions,18,1","reefer,18,2","refer,1,1,4,1,9,1,12,1,13,1,15,1","reference,18,4,3,2,4,2,6,1,8,1,12,1,17,1,19,7,20,3,22,2,23,1,28,1","referenceline,3,1","references,18,1,1,1,2,1,3,1,4,1,5,1,10,1,7,1,6,1,8,1,9,1,12,1,13,1,15,1,16,1,19,1,20,1,22,1","referred,1,1,2,1,3,2,4,1,6,1,9,1,12,2,19,1,20,2,22,1","referring,2,1,6,2","refers,18,2,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,2,6,2,12,2,14,1,15,3,16,1,19,1,21,1,20,2,22,1","refersto,3,1","refined,18,1","refining,18,1","reflect,20,1","reflecting,12,1","reflex,18,2","refraction,1,2","refrigerated,18,2,3,1,13,1,19,1","refrigeratingunit,13,1","refrigeration,18,1,9,1,22,1","refrigerator,9,1,13,1,16,1","refund,3,1","regard,3,1,5,1,16,2","regarded,9,2","regarding,5,1","regardless,18,1,1,1,2,1,3,1,5,1,9,1,13,1,15,1","register,9,1","registered,9,1","registers,1,1,16,1","registration,9,1,22,1","regroovable,18,1","regroove,18,1","regrooved,18,1","regular,18,2,1,1,3,2,5,2,8,1,19,1,20,1","regularengineer,8,1","regulate,1,1,16,1","regulatecommon,3,1","regulated,3,2","regulating,18,1,2,1,9,1,13,1,16,1","regulation,5,1","regulations,2,1,3,1,4,1,15,1,19,1,22,1","regulationsrequire,3,1","regulator,18,1,3,1,16,1,22,1","regulatory,2,1,12,1","regulatoryapproval,3,1","reimbursement,1,1","reinforce,11,1","reinforced,2,3,20,1","reinforcement,18,1,6,1,22,1","reinforcements,19,1","reinforcementso,16,1","reinforcing,2,1,9,1,15,1,23,1","related,3,1,5,1,11,1,19,1","relatedinterior,19,1","relating,18,2,5,1,12,1,16,1,20,2","relation,18,2,11,1,19,1,23,1","relationship,22,1","relationto,2,1","relative,18,11,1,3,2,2,3,2,6,3,15,1,16,1,19,4,20,5,22,1","relativeability,22,1","relatively,18,1","relativeto,3,1,19,1","relay,18,3,3,2,4,1,9,2","relays,18,1","release,18,6,1,2,2,3,4,4,5,5,7,1,13,3,17,2,16,5,19,3","releaseand,7,1","released,1,2,2,2,3,1,5,2,19,1","releaseof,18,1","releases,5,1","releasing,4,1,5,1,13,1,15,1","releasingsystem,15,1","reliability,18,1,3,1,4,2,16,1","relied,4,1","relief,4,1,11,1,19,1","reloaded,20,1","reloading,2,1","remain,3,1,9,1,19,1","remainconstant,3,1","remainder,18,1","remainedintact,3,1","remains,18,1,3,1,14,2,20,1","remember,16,1","reminder,13,1,15,1,22,1","remote,18,1,20,1","removable,3,1,4,1","removal,3,1,11,1,19,1","remove,2,1,3,1,19,1","removed,18,1,2,1,19,1,20,2","removethe,2,1","removing,18,1,1,1,2,1","render,4,1","rendered,1,1","rendering,18,1,3,1","repair,18,2,2,3","repaired,18,1","repairs,18,2,19,1","repairwork,2,1","repayment,1,1","repeatability,18,1","repeatabilityis,18,1","repeated,2,1,6,1","repeatedapplication,2,1","repeating,14,3","replace,3,1,20,1","replaced,1,1,13,1","replaces,18,1","replacing,10,1","replica,23,1","report,18,2,3,2,4,3,5,1,6,2,9,5,12,2,15,1,16,3,19,1,20,2","reported,1,1,9,1,11,1,16,1,21,2,20,1","reporting,18,1,12,1,15,2,16,2","reports,6,1,9,1,13,1,15,1,20,1","represent,1,1,3,1,15,1","representation,3,1,4,2","representative,1,1","representatives,6,1","represented,22,1","representing,18,1,1,1,3,1,4,1,5,1,15,1","represents,1,1,20,3","reproduce,21,1","reproduced,2,1","reproducibility,18,2","reproduction,18,1,6,1","reprogrammable,18,1","request,18,2,3,2,5,3,15,1,16,2,19,2","requestfrom,16,1","requesting,5,2","requestsfor,19,1","require,4,1,5,1,12,1","requireany,16,1","required,18,3,1,3,2,3,3,7,4,4,5,2,6,1,8,2,12,2,13,1,17,1,16,8,19,6,23,1","requiredfrequency,1,1","requiredfrom,20,1","requiredto,18,1","requirement,3,1,5,1,6,1,12,1","requirements,18,1,1,1,4,1,5,3,13,2,15,1,17,1,16,4","requires,1,1,3,1,4,1","requiring,8,1,15,1,16,1,20,2","rerailing,6,1","rescue,16,1","research,19,1","reserve,2,2","reserved,18,1","reservoir,18,3,1,6,2,1,4,1,5,1,13,1","reservoiron,1,1","reservoirs,18,1,1,1,13,1","reset,18,1,6,1","resetting,18,1","residual,19,1","resilient,15,1","resiliently,3,1","resin,18,1,19,1","resist,18,1,2,1,5,1,13,1,23,1","resistance,18,3,1,2,3,3,6,1,12,1,15,3,19,4,20,3,22,1,23,1","resistancehas,19,1","resistant,3,1","resisting,18,1","resistor,18,1","resistors,18,1,4,1,22,1","resists,12,1","resolution,9,1,16,2","resolve,16,1,22,1","resolved,1,1","resolving,3,1","resonance,18,2","resonant,18,1","respect,18,2,1,3,5,1,12,1,15,1,19,7,22,2","respective,1,1,4,1,19,1","respectto,1,1,3,1,15,1,19,1","respond,3,2","respondsand,3,1","response,18,4,3,3,4,2,7,1,9,1,15,4,19,3,22,1","responses,19,2,20,1","responsetests,22,1","responsibilities,8,1","responsibility,3,3,5,1,16,2","responsible,4,1,8,1,19,1,20,1","rest,18,2,1,4,2,2,5,1,6,1,8,1,9,1,12,1,16,1,19,2,20,1,22,1","restart,18,2","resting,2,1,14,1","restitution,3,2,4,1","restore,19,1","restoring,19,1","restposition,19,1","restrain,16,1","restrained,18,2,16,1","restrainedoccupant,18,1","restraining,18,2","restrainoutward,20,1","restraint,18,11,1,6,4,1,6,2,15,3,16,2,20,2","restraintcapability,22,1","restraintsare,6,1","restraintsystem,18,1","restrict,1,1,6,1,12,1","restricted,18,2","restriction,1,1,16,1","restricts,5,1","rests,19,1,20,1","restupon,20,1","result,18,1,25,1,2,1,3,4,4,1,5,2,7,2,6,5,9,2,16,3,23,1","resultant,18,6,1,2,3,1","resultantforce,6,1","resulting,18,3,2,1,3,4,4,4,6,1,9,1,16,1,19,1,20,3,22,2","resultingmotion,14,1","resultof,2,1","results,1,2,2,3,3,2,4,1,7,1,9,2,12,2,15,2,16,1,21,1","retain,3,1,5,1,11,1,15,1,19,1","retainer,7,1","retaining,18,2","retard,2,2,3,1","retardation,2,1","retarded,18,1","retarder,18,1","retention,5,1","retractingwindow,8,1","retractor,18,4,4,1","retractorspool,2,1","retrograde,18,1,1,1","return,18,1,2,1,4,1,8,1,14,1","returned,4,1","returning,3,1,19,1","returns,19,1,20,1","rev,15,3","revealed,25,1","revealing,5,1","revenue,2,1","revenues,3,2","reverse,18,1,1,1,2,1,16,1,19,1","reversing,18,1","review,16,3","reviewing,16,1","revised,18,1,3,1","revisions,16,1","revolution,7,1,16,1,20,1","revolutions,18,3,7,1,20,2","rework,18,2,3,1","reworked,3,1","rfi,18,1,1,1","rh,3,1","rhythmic,14,1","rib,6,1,9,1,20,4","ribs,15,1,19,1,20,1","ridden,20,1","ride,18,7,1,4,22,1","rider,1,1","ridge,2,1","riding,4,1,15,1","rig,18,1,1,1,3,3,4,1","rigging,4,1","right,18,4,1,3,2,1,3,3,4,1,5,1,6,3,8,1,9,1,11,1,12,4,14,1,15,1,16,2,19,3,20,2,22,2","rightfoot,8,1","rights,19,1","rigid,18,1,3,1,4,1,5,3,6,1,13,2,16,1,19,1,20,1","rigidbarrier,5,1","rigidity,20,1","rigidly,20,1","rigidlyat,19,1","rim,18,5,2,3,3,1,4,3,6,3,12,1,13,4,16,1,19,5,20,13,23,2","rimassociation,18,1","rimdiameter,18,1","rimflanges,18,1","rims,4,1,7,1,12,1","ring,1,1,4,2,12,3,13,2,20,1","rings,2,1,20,1","rip,18,2","rise,18,1,7,1,16,1","riser,18,1","rises,7,1","risk,15,1,20,1","rivets,16,1","rivulets,18,1","rmp,1,1","road,18,11,1,5,2,3,3,7,4,1,5,2,6,6,8,6,9,2,12,7,15,6,16,2,19,17,21,1,20,19,22,2,23,1","roadbed,3,1","roadcontact,20,1","roadhaving,20,1","roadinterface,23,1","roadoperation,4,2","roadriding,1,1","roads,3,1,8,1,15,2","roadside,18,1,10,1,16,1,19,2","roadspace,1,1","roadsurface,19,1","roadway,18,4,25,1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,1,5,1,10,1,7,2,6,1,9,4,13,2,15,2,16,4,19,5,20,2","roadwayis,2,1,19,1","roadways,1,1,10,1,7,1,9,5","roadwaysfor,13,1","roar,14,1","robogate,18,1","robot,13,1","robots,18,2,12,1","rocker,18,1,3,2,19,4,20,1","rockerpanel,19,1","rockers,19,1","rod,18,3,3,3,4,1,9,1,19,3,21,4,20,7","rodconnected,16,1","rods,18,1,7,1,19,1,20,2","roll,18,24,1,1,4,1,8,1,11,1,14,1,15,2,19,6,20,2,22,5,23,1","rolled,3,1,16,1,19,2","roller,18,1","rollers,18,1","rollersdesigned,12,1","rolling,18,7,25,1,2,1,5,1,6,2,8,2,9,1,12,1,14,1,19,6,20,4","rollingresistance,20,1","rollingtire,12,1","rollis,1,1","rollover,18,5","rolls,18,1,2,1","rollstiffness,18,1","romanmile,13,1","roof,18,7,2,3,3,4,4,2,7,2,6,2,8,2,12,1,14,1,13,1,17,1,16,2,21,1","roofand,4,1","roofcover,8,1","roofditches,13,1","roofline,6,1","roofquarter,2,1","room,19,2,20,1","root,5,1","rope,23,1","roping,18,1","ros,18,1","rotary,18,2,23,1","rotate,18,2,1,3,2,2,20,1","rotates,1,1,11,1,16,2,19,1","rotating,25,1,1,1,2,1,3,1,9,1,11,1,12,1,19,1,20,1,22,1","rotatingabout,18,1","rotation,18,4,1,7,2,1,3,3,6,2,11,1,12,3,16,1,19,3,20,2","rotationabout,12,1","rotational,18,1,1,2,3,1,13,1,20,2","rotations,18,1,1,2","rotationto,12,1","rotor,18,1,2,2,4,1,23,1","rough,2,1,15,1,19,1","roughly,20,1","roughness,20,1","round,18,1,2,1,4,1,16,1","rounded,2,1,20,2","rounding,3,1","route,18,1,2,2,3,3,8,2,23,1","routed,2,1","routes,3,3,12,1","routesand,3,1","routine,3,1","routing,4,1","routs,9,1","roving,18,1,19,1","rows,20,2","rp,18,1","rpm,18,5,3,1,4,2,7,1,8,1,9,3,15,2,19,3,20,1","rpm’s,16,1","rpo,18,1","rpoduct,16,1","rpos,4,1,16,1","rps,18,1","rr,18,1,1,1","rsd,18,1","rsmck,26,2,28,2","rspa,13,1","rubber,2,3,3,1,5,1,15,1,16,2,19,2","rubbercompound,19,1","rubberlike,5,1","rubbing,1,1,14,2","ruggedly,15,1","rule,18,2","rules,18,1,3,1,9,1,12,1,20,1","rulesand,3,1","rulesshown,5,1","rumble,14,1","rump,18,1","run,18,5,1,1,2,2,8,1,15,3,19,2,20,8","runaway,5,2","runner,19,1","running,18,4,2,1,3,2,4,1,6,2,9,1,13,2,15,7,16,1,19,2,20,1","runningcircumferentially,20,1","runningoff,1,1","runningprototype,19,1","runoff,12,1","runs,4,1,13,1,15,2,22,1","rural,18,1","rust,21,1","rut,18,1,9,1","rzeppa,18,1","s2,7,1","sab,1,1","sacting,5,1","saddle,19,2","sae,1,1,8,1,19,1,23,1","saej244,4,1","safe,12,1,19,2,20,1","safeguards,2,1","safely,3,1","safestat,13,1","safety,2,6,3,2,4,3,6,1,11,1,14,3,13,3,15,1,16,2,19,2","safetyinspection,15,1","safetyseats,18,1","safetyswitch,1,1","safingsensor,1,1","sail,19,1","sale,2,2","salvage,19,1","sam,19,1","same,18,11,1,6,2,1,3,11,4,5,5,3,7,1,6,1,9,3,11,1,12,3,13,2,15,2,16,2,19,5,20,8","samecentripetal,3,1","samedimension,18,1","samemain,3,1","samemeasuring,18,1","samepath,22,1","samesize,3,1","samevelocity,3,1","sample,9,8","samples,9,1,16,1","sampling,16,2","sand,19,1","sanders,19,1","sandwich,19,1","satin,1,1","satisfactory,5,2,16,1","satisfied,15,4","saturated,19,1","saved,3,1,20,1","savings,20,1","saw,18,1","say,4,1","sbead,2,1","scalar,5,1,19,2","scale,1,4,2,1,4,1,19,2,23,1","scales,1,1,14,1,19,2","scan,19,1","scanner,19,1","scar,7,1,19,2","scars,12,1","scattered,12,1","scavenge,19,1","scene,18,1,1,7,4,1,6,1,12,1,19,1,20,1","schedule,18,1,5,1,13,2,19,1","schedules,2,1,3,1,20,2","scientific,19,1","scompensation,9,1","scoop,19,3","scoring,19,1","scrape,12,1,19,1","scraper,19,1","scrapes,13,1","scratch,19,1","scratches,3,1,13,1,19,2","screen,1,1,7,1,9,1","screenchamber,1,1","screening,6,1","screw,4,1,20,1","screws,16,1","scribed,3,1","scrim,1,1","script,8,1","scrub,3,1","scuff,25,1,1,4,6,1,19,2","scuffed,11,1","scuffs,3,2,20,1","sdm,1,1","sea,13,3,20,1","seafood,5,1","seal,3,2,4,1,15,2,19,4","sealed,20,1","sealing,13,1,15,1","seals,3,1","sealswere,3,1","seam,18,2","sear,18,2,19,1","search,30,12","sears,19,1","seat,18,3,1,2,2,11,3,3,6,2,11,3,12,1,14,1,13,1,15,1,16,2,19,11","seatand,18,1","seatbelts,1,1","seated,18,2,20,1","seating,13,1,15,1,16,1,19,4","seatingposition,19,1","seats,1,1,2,1,3,1,15,1,16,1,19,2","seatto,12,1","sec,1,1,12,1,19,1","sec2,7,2","second,1,4,2,2,4,2,6,2,8,1,12,1,14,1,13,1,20,1","secondary,18,1,1,1,2,1,3,1,6,1,19,5","secondarysensor,1,1","secondeye,5,1","seconds,5,1,9,2,12,1,16,1","seconds2,1,1","secondseat,12,1","secper,1,1","section,1,2,2,1,3,4,4,2,8,1,15,1,16,1,19,7,20,3","sectional,20,1","sectionparts,18,1","sections,16,1,19,1","sectionsconstitute,16,1","sectiontitled,5,1","sectionusually,9,1","sectorshaft,19,1","secure,4,1,19,3","secured,3,1,6,1,20,1","secures,7,1,16,1","securing,4,1,19,1","security,3,1,19,1","sedan,16,2,19,1","see,18,10,1,16,2,14,3,20,4,12,5,7,10,1,7,1,8,3,9,4,11,2,12,5,14,2,13,3,16,9,15,6,17,2,19,12,21,1,20,9,23,3","seealso,1,1","seebrake,18,1","seebrinelling,1,1","seebumping,3,1","seechasing,10,1","seedrop,4,1","seeking,5,1","seemingly,16,1","seen,2,1,3,1,20,3,22,1","seenote,1,1","seeparallel,19,1","select,9,1,16,1,21,1","selectable,8,1","selected,2,1,4,1,19,1","selection,16,2","selective,20,1","selects,14,1","sell,19,1","sells,20,2","semi,1,2,2,1,3,2,4,3,10,2,6,1,11,1,12,1,16,1,19,3,20,1,23,1","semiconductor,3,1","semitrailer,19,1","semitrailers,2,1","send,3,1,5,1,26,1,28,2","sending,2,1,15,1","seniority,2,1,19,1","sensation,2,1","sense,2,1,3,1,7,1","senseswhether,14,1","sensing,8,1","sensitive,18,1,20,1","sensitivity,3,3,19,1","sensor,1,3,3,2,4,1,6,1,15,1,19,1,22,1","sensors,1,1","sensorystimulus,18,1","sent,3,1,6,1","separable,7,1","separate,1,1,2,2,3,2,4,1,9,3,12,1,16,1,19,1,20,1,22,1","separatecomponents,19,1","separated,18,1,1,1,2,2,4,1,15,1","separatelyfor,3,1","separates,6,1","separating,9,1,12,1,13,1","separation,1,1,2,3,3,2,16,3,19,3,20,3","separations,9,1","sepcial,16,1","sepia,2,1","sequence,1,4,3,1,14,2,13,1,16,3,15,1,19,3","sequencing,18,1,5,1","sequential,14,1,19,2","sequentialfactors,3,1","series,2,1,3,4,4,1,5,1,16,3,19,5,22,1","seriesand,19,1","seriesd,4,1","serious,1,1,19,1","seriously,6,1,19,1","serrated,18,1","serrations,19,1","serve,3,1","served,9,1","serves,16,1","servesto,23,1","service,18,1,1,6,2,8,3,5,4,1,5,2,7,2,6,3,8,3,11,1,12,1,14,1,13,1,16,1,15,7,19,7,20,2","serviceability,3,1,5,1,16,1","serviceabilityobjectives,16,1","servicebrake,1,1,19,1","servicebrakes,19,1","serviced,18,1","services,18,1","set,18,2,1,2,3,2,4,1,6,2,8,1,9,1,11,2,14,1,16,1,15,3,19,3,21,1,20,2","sets,2,1","setting,4,1,7,1,6,1,13,1,19,1","settlein,2,1","settles,3,1","setto,4,1","setup,1,1,6,1,8,1,9,4,16,1,15,1,21,1","several,18,1,1,2,2,1,4,1,5,1,10,1,6,1,13,1,16,3","severalidentical,2,1","severalsections,3,1","severe,1,2,4,1","severestresses,15,1","severity,1,1,3,2,4,1,9,1,16,1,19,3,22,1","sewn,2,1","sfoot,20,1","shackle,19,1","shading,8,1","shaft,18,1,1,6,2,6,3,2,4,4,10,2,7,3,6,3,16,5,15,1,19,4,21,1","shafts,3,1,20,1","shake,1,2,19,1,20,1","shall,18,1","shallbe,9,1","shallow,3,1,19,1","shallower,3,1","shank,19,2","shanty,3,1,19,1","shape,1,2,2,1,3,5,4,1,5,1,16,1,15,2,19,2,20,1","shaped,2,1,5,1,6,1,12,1,13,1,15,1,19,3,20,2,22,1","shapes,19,1","shared,13,1","sharp,3,2,4,1,10,2,6,1,14,1,19,2","sharpened,19,1","sharply,2,1,16,1","sharpness,4,2","she,2,1,5,1,12,1","sheep,4,1","sheet,18,1,1,1,3,2,4,3,5,1,6,1,12,3,13,5,16,1,15,2,17,2,19,2,21,1,20,2,22,1,23,1","sheets,15,1,23,1","shelf,2,1,16,1","shell,2,1,3,1,19,1","shelter,3,1,19,1","shield,1,1,3,1,4,2,8,1","shielded,13,1,20,1","shift,4,1,7,1,19,3,23,1","shifted,20,1","shifting,2,1,4,1,16,3","shifts,18,1","shim,19,1","shimmy,19,1","ship,7,1,13,1","shipment,18,2,1,1,2,5,3,6,4,5,5,1,9,3,11,2,13,4,16,1,19,1,20,2,23,2","shipmentfrom,9,1","shipments,18,1,1,2,2,1,3,2,4,1,5,1,6,1,16,1","shipmentthat,2,1","shipped,3,3,4,1,16,1","shipper,1,2,2,4,3,2,5,1,7,1,6,1,9,1,16,1,19,3","shipperrelinquishes,1,1","shippers,3,2,23,1","shippersends,2,1","shipping,3,3,4,1,6,1","shipswithout,3,1","shock,10,1,8,2,9,1,19,6","shocks,1,1,3,2,4,1,6,1","shoe,2,5,9,2,16,5,19,3","shoes,4,1,5,2,9,1,16,3,19,2","shoeswhich,19,1","shop,19,1","shopping,20,1","shops,4,1","short,18,2,2,1,3,5,4,1,9,1,14,1,16,3,15,2,19,4,20,1","shortcut,3,1","shorten,19,1","shorter,15,2","shortest,2,1","shortingclip,1,1","should,18,1,4,2,16,1,19,2,20,1","shoulder,18,2,2,3,4,3,6,3,19,2,20,2","shoulders,18,1,2,1","show,3,1,16,2,19,1,20,2","showing,5,1,16,1,15,1,23,1","shown,2,3,5,1,14,1,15,1","shownseparately,4,1","shows,3,1,9,1","shrill,14,1","shroud,6,1,19,1","shunt,20,1","shut,18,1,12,1,19,4","shuts,15,3","shutter,13,1","shuttle,12,1","si,19,1","sid,1,1","side,18,4,1,4,2,9,3,14,4,2,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,2","spider,19,3","spike,19,1,20,2","spiked,3,1","spin,1,2,3,1,5,1,6,1,12,5,19,3,20,1,23,1","spinaxis,23,1","spindle,19,3","spine,16,1","spinning,12,1,14,1","spinout,19,2","splatter,20,1","spleens,4,1","splice,3,1,19,1","spline,19,1","split,19,3,20,1","splitter,19,1","spm,17,1,19,1","spoilage,4,1","spoiled,16,1","spoiler,19,2","spoke,19,2","spokes,3,1,14,1,19,1","sponsorship,3,1","spot,3,3,4,1,12,2,19,6,20,1,23,1","spots,18,2,6,1,19,3","spotting,19,2","spotweld,23,1","spray,9,1,19,1","spraygun,19,1","spraying,3,1","spread,2,2,3,3,19,1","spring,1,6,2,1,3,2,4,1,5,4,10,1,7,1,6,1,8,3,12,4,13,1,16,2,19,24,20,3,22,2","springand,19,1","springiness,2,1","springing,16,1,20,1","springs,18,1,1,1,4,1,7,1,8,1,19,3,21,1,20,1","springsabove,1,1","sproblem,16,1","sprung,18,4,2,1,3,2,4,1,8,1,14,1,19,13,21,2,20,1,22,1","sprungmass,18,3","spud,19,1","spur,19,2","spurs,4,1","sqa,19,2","sqc,19,1","sqe,19,1","sqi,19,1","square,3,1,4,1,16,2,19,1","squashed,3,1","squeak,14,1","squeal,14,1,20,3","squeeze,3,1","squib,1,1,19,1","squirted,19,1","srea,19,1","srl,19,1","srpc,19,1","srs,1,1","ss,3,1,12,1,16,1,15,1,20,1","ssfdc,19,2","sta,3,1","stability,1,1,4,1,14,2,19,3,20,2,22,1","stabilityof,19,1","stabilize,19,1","stabilized,3,2,13,1,19,1","stabilizer,19,1","stabilizers,20,1","stable,6,1","stack,18,1,3,1","stacked,16,1","stacks,18,1","stage,18,1,1,1,3,1,4,1,16,1,20,2","stages,8,1","stainless,2,1,23,1","stake,19,1","stakes,19,1","stamped,19,1","stamping,5,1,17,1","stampings,8,1","stampling,19,1","stamps,3,1","stand,12,2,13,1,19,3","standard,18,1,1,2,2,3,3,2,5,1,7,1,6,1,8,1,14,1,13,1,16,2,17,1,19,5,21,1,30,4","standarditems,1,1","standards,3,1,6,1,9,2,11,1,13,1,19,2","standardsrequire,2,1","standardswhich,3,1","standing,1,1","stands,2,1","stars,20,1","start,12,1,13,1,16,1,15,2,19,3","starter,3,1,9,1,14,1,19,2","starting,18,1,1,1,2,1,3,1,5,1,13,1,15,1,19,1","starts,2,1,22,1","startsto,19,1","state,1,2,2,3,3,1,5,1,9,4,12,1,14,1,16,1,19,16,21,2,20,3,22,2","stated,2,2,5,1","statement,3,1,4,3,5,1,6,1","stateresponses,19,1","states,2,1,3,1,5,1,20,1","static,18,2,1,1,2,1,3,3,4,1,5,5,16,2,19,14,20,5","staticcrush,4,1","staticloaded,4,1","staticposition,10,1","stating,3,1","station,1,1,2,1,3,3,4,1,6,3,9,1,11,1,16,2,19,1","stationary,1,1,19,3,22,1","stationed,8,1","stationplatforms,3,1","stations,10,1,12,1","statistical,1,1,3,1,19,5","statisticsin,19,1","status,1,1,3,1,4,2,9,3,20,1","statute,13,1","stay,23,1","steadily,22,1","steady,1,1,14,1,19,13,15,1,20,1,22,1","steam,9,1","steel,1,6,2,7,3,1,4,4,7,2,6,2,9,1,12,1,14,1,16,1,19,1,23,1","steelchisel,19,1","steep,5,2","steepest,20,1","steer,18,4,1,3,3,8,14,6,19,1,15,4,21,3,20,1,23,1","steerable,3,1,23,3","steerablewheels,19,1","steerangle,19,1,15,1","steered,19,1,15,1","steeredaxis,18,1","steering,18,2,1,2,2,1,3,12,4,3,6,6,9,2,11,2,14,2,16,15,19,47,15,6,21,4,20,5,22,1,23,3","steeringand,20,1","steeringaxis,3,1,11,1","steeringcolumn,20,1","steeringhead,4,1","steeringsystem,19,1","steeringwheel,6,1,16,1","stem,8,1","stenciled,3,1,19,1","step,2,1,13,2,19,1","stepover,19,1","steps,4,1","sterminal,4,1","stick,2,1","stickagainst,14,1","stiff,15,1","stiffening,11,1","stiffness,18,1,19,1,20,10,22,1","stiffnessbetween,18,1","stiffnesses,22,1","still,18,2,1,2,3,1,9,1,19,1","stilldue,9,1","stilted,7,1","stimuli,3,1","stimulus,18,1,3,1,19,1","stinger,19,1","stipples,19,2","stipulated,4,1","stock,18,1,3,1,4,2,8,1,11,1,12,1,19,3","stockanimals,12,1","stone,6,1","stop,18,8,1,1,2,5,3,6,4,2,5,5,6,3,9,1,11,1,12,3,13,1,19,15,20,1,23,2","stopcars,19,1","stopped,18,1,2,1,5,1,6,1,19,1,20,1","stopping,18,1,1,1,2,4,3,1,5,1,6,2,13,1,19,2,20,2,22,2","stops,18,1,2,1,4,1,15,3,20,1","stopyour,15,1","storage,18,1,25,1,1,4,2,1,5,1,12,1,19,3","storagebattery,22,1","storageof,20,1","stored,1,1,16,1,19,1","stores,1,1,3,1","storing,25,1,2,2,13,1","stovepipe,19,1","stow,12,1","straddle,13,1","straddles,3,1","straddlethe,6,1","straight,1,1,2,1,3,1,8,1,9,3,12,4,14,1,16,1,19,9,20,1,22,1","straightbill,2,1","strain,19,1","strand,3,1","stransmission,15,1,21,1","strap,6,1","strategies,4,1","strategy,16,2,19,1,15,1,20,1","streaks,19,1","streamlined,16,1","street,1,2,6,1,8,1,16,1,19,1,20,1","strength,6,2,16,1,19,1,20,1","strengthen,1,1","strenuousmental,6,1","stress,3,1,19,2,20,1","stresses,1,1,3,2,19,1","stretch,2,2,15,2","stretched,8,1","striation,3,1,19,1","striations,3,1,19,1","strict,2,1","strictly,18,1","strikerplate,2,1","strikes,13,1","striking,14,1,13,1","string,19,2","strip,3,1,13,1","stripe,6,1","stripes,1,1,19,1,20,2","stripped,8,1","strips,19,1","stroke,2,3,3,2,4,1,5,2,6,2,9,3,16,2,19,1,20,2,22,2","strokes,6,1,20,1","strong,3,1,7,1","struck,3,1,5,1,6,2,13,1,19,1","structural,1,1,2,1,3,1,4,1,6,2,8,1,19,2","structuralwelding,4,1","structure,1,2,2,3,3,5,4,2,7,2,6,4,9,1,11,1,12,1,13,1,16,2,19,3,21,1","structureabove,7,1","structures,3,2,22,1","struts,7,1","stub,19,3","stubtrack,2,1","stud,2,1,4,1,8,1,19,2","studies,18,1,9,1,11,1,16,2","studio,18,1","studs,3,1,19,2","study,1,1,2,1,11,1,16,1,20,2,23,2","studyingresults,16,1","stuffs,16,1","stuffsnot,22,1","sturdy,19,1","style,2,2,3,2,12,1,19,1","styled,6,1","styles,23,1","styling,3,1,8,2,11,1,14,1,16,1","stylingproposals,19,1","stylized,3,1","styrofoam,1,1,5,1","sub,2,1,9,1,15,3","subfreezing,5,1","subject,18,1,3,1,4,1,6,1,16,1,19,1","subjected,3,1,15,1","submarining,19,1","submission,9,1","submitting,9,1","subsequent,2,1,3,2","subsequently,16,1","substance,2,1,3,1,5,2,16,1,19,1,20,1","substances,2,1","substantially,18,1,19,2,22,1","substituted,3,1","substitution,3,1,20,1","subtended,4,1","subtracting,21,1","succeed,9,1","success,16,1,19,1","successful,3,1","successive,1,1,9,1,19,1","sucha,6,1,15,1","suchas,2,1,3,1","suchlaw,12,1","suction,16,1","sudden,6,1,19,1,15,1","sued,22,1","suffered,4,1","sufficient,1,3,6,1,19,1,20,2,22,1","sufficiently,6,1,15,1","sugar,18,1,19,1","suggesting,14,1,26,1,28,1","suit,22,1","suitable,8,1,22,1","suitablecoefficient,2,1","sulfuric,5,1,12,1","sum,1,1,3,2,4,1,5,2,13,1,16,1,19,1,15,2,22,1","summary,18,2,1,1,4,1,19,1","summation,18,1,20,1","sumof,3,1","sun,16,1,20,4","sunis,20,1","sunken,13,1","sunrise,20,1","sunset,20,1","super,3,1,19,1","supercharger,2,1,19,1","superelevation,2,1","superior,5,1,19,1,20,1","superiority,20,1","supersede,20,1","supervisor,3,1","supplemental,12,1","supplementary,19,1","supplemented,15,1","supplements,1,2,5,1","supplied,1,2,4,1,16,2,22,1","suppliedto,1,1","supplier,19,9,17,1,20,5","suppliers,9,1,19,1,17,1,20,3","supplies,4,1,19,1","supply,1,2,2,3,3,1,4,2,5,1,8,1,19,4,20,2","supplying,4,1","supplyingelectrical,2,1","support,1,2,2,1,3,2,4,3,6,1,12,1,16,3,19,4,20,1","supported,7,1,19,1,21,1","supporting,3,1,7,1,6,3,14,1,19,1,17,1,20,1","supportrequired,3,1","supports,18,2,2,1,6,1,9,1,13,1,20,1","supportsthe,6,1","supposed,1,1,3,1","surface,18,5,1,4,2,11,3,13,4,5,5,2,7,5,6,14,8,4,9,3,12,2,14,5,13,2,16,6,19,22,15,2,20,9,22,1,23,2","surfacefor,16,1","surfaceof,6,1","surfaces,18,2,2,2,3,3,5,1,12,1,20,1,22,1","surpanel,19,1","surpassed,19,1","surrender,2,1","surrendered,4,1","surrenderedwith,2,1","surround,5,1","surrounding,18,1,1,1,2,1","surrounds,2,1","surveillance,16,1","survival,18,1","suspect,9,1","suspended,3,1,4,1,19,1","suspension,18,8,1,6,2,2,3,3,5,1,7,1,13,3,16,1,19,13,20,1,22,1","suspensionroll,19,1","suspensions,15,1","suspensionsystem,5,1,20,1","suspensionsystems,4,1","suspensionwhich,1,1","sustain,19,1","sustained,18,1,4,1,6,3","sustaining,9,1","sway,19,1","swedish,13,1","sweep,19,1","swell,3,1","swerve,4,1,19,1","swing,4,1,19,6","swinging,19,1,23,1","swings,16,1","swirling,20,1","switch,18,1,1,3,2,5,3,4,4,1,5,3,7,2,6,3,8,1,9,1,12,1,14,2,19,18,20,3","switcher,12,1","switches,3,1,8,1","switchesinterlocked,9,1","switching,25,1,4,4,5,1,6,1,9,1,19,1","switchwhich,6,1,20,1","swiveling,6,1","swivelrailway,2,1","swung,16,1","symbol,3,1,22,1","synchro,19,1","synchronize,19,1","synchronized,4,1","synchronizing,19,1","synthetic,3,1,15,1","system,18,21,1,35,2,17,3,19,4,13,5,10,7,3,6,10,8,5,9,3,11,2,12,4,14,4,13,8,16,10,19,19,15,9,17,2,20,8,22,6,23,7","systemactuation,4,1","systemautomatically,1,1","systemfor,11,1","systemof,25,1,3,1","systemperforming,20,1","systems,1,1,2,1,3,1,4,2,5,1,9,1,13,1,16,1,19,4,17,1,21,1","systemsinclude,18,1","systemto,2,1,9,1","systemwith,15,1","table,18,2,3,1,5,1,14,1,19,1,20,1","tablet,1,1","tach,20,1","tachograph,20,2","tachometer,18,1,20,2","tacked,3,1","tactic,20,1","tactics,4,2,16,1,15,1,20,1","tactually,8,1","tag,1,3,20,1","tail,8,1,16,2,17,1","tailgate,3,2,11,1,13,1","tailgates,2,1","taillights,23,1","tailpipe,5,1","take,4,1,9,1,12,1,16,2,19,2,23,1","taken,1,1,2,1,3,2,5,1,7,1,6,1,8,1,11,2,19,3,15,1,20,2,26,1","takenfrom,6,1","takeoff,20,6","takeplace,18,1","takes,2,2,3,2,4,1,16,1,23,1","takesplace,23,1","taking,4,1","tamper,2,1,20,1","tampered,19,1","tampering,2,1","tampers,20,1","tandem,1,2,2,1,4,2,10,1,19,1,20,3,23,3","tandemaxle,2,1","tandy,19,1","tangency,16,1","tangent,18,1,1,4,7,1,8,1,16,1,19,1,20,4","tangential,6,1","tangled,8,1","tank,1,3,2,1,3,5,4,5,11,1,13,1,20,6,23,3","tankcar,20,1","tanker,20,2","tanks,1,1,2,1,19,2","tanksof,2,1","tanktest,1,1","tap,14,1","tape,3,1,20,2","taped,1,1","taper,19,1,20,1","tapping,14,1","tar,2,1,21,1","tare,20,2","target,11,1,19,1","targets,20,1","tariff,5,1,16,3","tariffs,3,2,6,1","tasks,16,1","tax,4,1,8,1,9,1","taxes,3,1,8,2","taxi,2,1","team,6,1,12,1,20,1,22,1","tearseam,1,1","technical,12,1,20,3","technician,3,2","technique,6,2,16,1","techniques,13,1,19,1","technology,5,1,20,1","teeth,1,2,2,1,7,2,8,1,19,2","teethwhich,2,1","telegraph,2,1,15,1","telephoned,15,1","telescopic,6,1,16,1","temp,15,2","temper,20,1","temperature,1,3,2,2,4,2,8,1,9,1,16,1,15,8,17,1","temperatures,5,1,8,1,9,1","tempered,1,1","temperedin,4,1","template,4,1,20,4","templates,4,1,5,1","templatewhich,20,1","temporarily,13,1","temporary,18,1,1,1,4,1,14,1,20,2","temporarydisturbance,15,1","tend,3,1","tendency,9,1,15,1,21,1,23,1","tender,2,1","tending,18,1,2,1,5,1","tends,3,1,6,2","tendsto,12,1","tenpassengers,2,1","tensile,2,1","tension,19,1","term,18,5,1,1,2,5,3,7,4,3,5,2,8,1,11,1,12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omechanical,2,1","tomechanisms,19,1","tomove,16,1","ton,7,3,12,2,14,5,19,2,20,3","tongue,5,1,20,5","tonnage,20,1","tonormal,19,1","tons,20,2","too,4,1,15,2,21,1","toobtain,20,1","tool,18,1,3,3,5,3,12,1,13,1,19,2,20,2","toolcorrections,3,1","tooled,15,1","tooling,3,1,5,1,12,1,13,1,16,4,19,1,23,1","tools,18,2,3,1,5,1,6,1,20,1","toone,6,1","tooperate,1,1,3,1,12,1","toouter,19,1","top,18,1,1,1,2,2,3,8,7,2,6,2,8,1,15,3,16,3,19,7,20,17","toparts,1,1","topermit,18,1","tophysically,19,1","topping,14,1","toprevent,4,2,7,1","toprime,2,1","toproceed,3,1","toproduce,4,1,5,2,6,1","toproduction,9,1","toprotect,2,1","toprovide,6,1,19,1","toquality,20,1","toreceive,2,1","torecord,4,1,15,1","toreturn,5,1","toreview,16,1","torework,18,1","toride,10,1","torpedo,7,1","torque,18,2,1,3,2,3,3,3,5,1,6,2,12,1,16,3,19,9,20,18","torquecoefficient,20,1","torqueconsistent,20,1","torqueratio,4,1","torquewith,19,1","torsion,20,4","torsional,20,2","torso,18,1,7,1,6,1,8,1,20,3","torsoand,6,1","torsobag,1,1","torsocontacts,1,1","tosecure,19,1","toshow,3,1","tosimplify,16,1","toslow,18,1,2,1","tospecification,3,1","tospecify,17,1","tostop,20,1","tosupport,3,1","total,18,2,2,1,3,1,4,4,5,2,9,1,7,4,6,2,8,1,12,1,13,3,15,3,16,4,19,2,20,15,22,1","totally,3,2","totalmiles,20,1","tothat,19,1","tothe,1,1,3,4,4,3,6,1,12,1,19,3,21,1,20,1,23,2","totime,1,1","totrailer,20,1","totransport,13,1,16,1","totwo,12,1","touched,6,1","touches,3,1,16,1,20,1","touching,4,1,12,1","tounderstand,19,1","tovisual,20,1","tow,16,1,19,1,20,2,22,1","toward,18,2,2,1,3,1,6,2,8,1,15,1,19,2,21,1","towardor,18,1","towards,5,1,8,1,12,1","towardthe,3,1","towed,20,2","tower,19,2,20,1","towhich,3,1","towing,18,1,5,1,20,1","toxic,20,1","toxicology,13,2","tpo,20,1","tpu,20,1","tqe,20,1","tqm,20,1","trace,1,1,2,1,3,1,8,1,15,1","tracer,3,1,11,1","traces,1,1,2,1,19,1","track,18,12,25,1,1,2,2,4,3,7,4,5,9,4,7,4,6,1,8,5,12,7,14,2,13,3,15,2,16,2,19,26,20,13,23,1","trackby,23,1","trackcircuit,18,1","tracking,15,3,20,1","tracks,25,1,3,3,4,1,9,1,8,3,22,1","traction,18,1,25,1,3,1,16,1,19,1,20,11","tractive,16,1,19,1,20,4","tractor,1,6,2,9,3,4,4,8,10,6,7,1,6,2,8,2,11,1,12,3,13,1,19,10,20,6","tractormay,19,1","tractors,4,2,15,1,19,3","trade,4,1,13,1","tradename,2,1","traffic,18,4,1,6,2,2,3,7,4,3,5,3,9,5,6,2,12,2,14,1,13,3,15,2,16,3,19,5,21,1,20,11,26,1,28,5","trafficaccident,1,2,3,1,20,1","trafficbetween,9,1","trafficdesignating,6,1","trafficunit,1,1,3,1,9,1","trafficunits,13,1","trafficway,18,1,1,3,4,2,12,1,20,1","trafficwayfor,20,1","trafficways,20,1","trail,4,1,20,1","trailedthrough,19,1","trailer,18,6,1,7,2,12,3,7,4,13,5,3,9,1,10,6,7,1,6,5,8,5,11,4,12,9,13,1,15,3,16,9,19,10,20,21","traileraxles,19,1","trailerbrakes,20,1","trailercombination,1,1","trailerhitch,6,1","traileris,12,1","trailers,25,1,3,3,4,1,7,1,12,2,16,4,19,1,20,2","trailersand,8,1","trailertransporting,2,1","trailing,20,3","train,18,5,1,5,2,5,3,11,4,6,5,7,9,3,10,1,7,3,6,3,8,4,13,2,15,3,16,4,19,7,20,8","trainconsist,18,1","trainhandled,19,1","trainin,19,1","training,3,1","trainmaking,6,1","trainmanto,2,1","trainmen,3,1","trainmovements,4,1","trains,18,1,25,1,2,3,3,3,6,1,8,1,14,1,13,1,19,6","trainssubject,20,1","trainwill,3,1","trajectory,5,1,20,2,23,1","tramp,19,1,20,1,23,1","trans,5,1,7,1","transact,1,1","transactbusiness,3,1","transfer,1,1,6,1,16,1,19,1,20,8,23,1","transfercord,1,1","transferred,1,2,20,2","transferring,4,1","transfersheet,4,1","transferstorque,6,1","transient,20,6","transistor,20,2","transistors,3,1,4,1,20,1","transit,18,1,1,1,3,3,6,2,8,1,13,1,16,1,19,2,20,1","translating,3,1,17,1","translation,16,1","translational,20,1,22,1","translucent,15,1","transmissibility,20,2","transmission,18,1,1,3,3,3,4,3,5,1,6,1,16,2,19,1,21,1,20,4,22,1,23,1","transmissionare,7,1","transmissions,5,1","transmit,1,1,2,5,3,2,4,1,5,1,12,1,16,2","transmits,2,1,3,1,4,1,6,1,19,1,20,2","transmitstorque,1,1","transmitted,2,1,6,1,8,1,16,1,20,2,23,1","transmitting,3,1,8,1,20,1","transmittinginformation,5,1","transmittingreduction,16,1","transport,1,1,2,1,13,4","transportagricultural,5,1","transportation,1,3,2,3,3,5,4,3,9,8,7,1,6,1,8,1,12,2,13,2,16,2,19,1,20,3,22,1","transportationline,19,1","transportationof,3,1,9,1","transportationservice,23,1","transportationsystem,15,1","transportationthat,2,1","transported,3,2,20,1,22,1","transportedwithout,4,1","transporter,1,1","transporting,1,1,2,1,6,1","transportingautomobiles,1,1","transverse,18,1,3,1,4,1,19,2","transversevertical,19,1","trapped,2,1","travel,18,2,1,1,2,3,3,3,4,1,10,1,8,2,12,1,13,2,16,1,19,3,20,4","traveled,18,2,1,1,2,3,4,1,15,2,16,1,19,1,20,3","traveledby,22,1","traveling,3,1,5,1,7,1,12,1,13,1,15,1,19,2","travelingupon,9,1","travels,7,1,19,1","traverse,2,1","traversing,4,1","tray,16,1","tread,18,1,2,1,3,1,9,1,6,2,14,1,15,1,16,1,19,1,20,37,23,1","treadand,2,1","treadfrom,20,1","treadgroove,20,1","treadle,1,1,20,1","treadribs,7,1","treads,19,1","treasury,2,1","treated,1,1,20,1","treatment,2,1,3,1,8,1,19,1","tree,20,1","trestle,7,1","tri,20,2","trial,4,1,8,1","triangle,3,1,8,2","triangulat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arrFiles=new Array();arrFiles[0]=new Array(1,"A.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary A","","","wd Normal wd 1 0 2003-02-25T02:40:00Z 2003-02-25T02:40:00Z 17 4338 24731 iintegration 206 49 30371 9.2720 A AB BRAKE The current standard freight car air brakesystem.   Also see AUTOMATIC AIR BRAKE. AB CONTROL VALVE The operating valve of the AB freight car airbrake.   It controls the charging,application and release of the brakes. ABANDON To give up. For example, when consignee or shipperrelinquishes or gives up damaged freight to carrier; vehicle left on thehighway, or disowns or disavows any knowledge of. ABRASION Abrasion is the rubbing or wearing away of asurface. Abrasion may also refer to a mark left on a surface. (also seebrinelling.). ABS Antilock Braking System or Anti-Skid Braking System. ABSOLUTE BLOCK A block which a train is not permitted to enterwhile it is occupied by another train. ABSOLUTE ERROR The actual numerical value of the error. ABSOLUTE POLAR MEASUREMENTS A point on drawing specified in terms of a radius(distance) and angle (theta) from the drawing origin (0,0). ABSOLUTE X, Y COORDINATES A point on a drawing specified in terms of X- andY- offset from the drawing origin (0,0). AC. GENERATOR An electrical generator that generates voltage andcurrent by rotating a magnetic field across stationary conductors.   Also called alternator, ft producesalternating current and uses diodes to change the alternating current to directcurrent.   See DC. generator. ACCELERATION (A): The rate of change of velocity with time. A =vf-vi/t    FPS or MPS   Acceleration may be either a positive value(acceleration), or a negative value (deceleration).   ACCELERATION FACTOR (fa):   Apure number indicating the acceleration of a vehicle. ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY (g):   Theacceleration of a falling body due to the force of gravity (its weight); astandard of comparison of acceleration; usually taken as 32.2 ft or 9.81 m secper sec. ACCELERATION SCUFF A scuff mark made when sufficient power is appliedto the driving wheels to make at least one of them spin on the roadway surface. ACCELERATION SCUFF A scuff mark made when sufficient power is suppliedto the driving wheels to make at least one of them. ACCELERATION SKIDS A skid mark made when sufficient power is appliedto the drive wheels to make at least one of them spin on the road surface. ACCELERATION SWITCH Dashboard switch that enables acceleration feature of the cruise control. ( Detroit ) ACCELERATOR (or accelerator pedal):   The accelerator is the foot pedal which controls the engine speedand in turn the speed of a vehicle. accelerator pedal depresses accelerator toincrease engine speed. ACCELERATOR PUMP The small internal pump which is a part of thecarburetor.   It applies additional fuelto the engine when the accelerator pedal is depressed. ACCELERATED HEEL POINT The intersection of the plane of the acceleratorpedal and the top of the floor covering. ACCENT STRIPES Fine taped or painted lines   applied in contrasting colors to thefinished body to accent certain lines and contours. ACCEPTANCE RECEIPT By the consignee of a shipment.   That terminates the common carrier contractfor transportation. ACCESSORIAL SERVICE A service rendered by a carrier in addition to atransportation service, such as stopping in transit to complete loading or to partiallyunload.   Also heating, storage, etc. ACCESSORY WEIGHT Is the combined weight (in excess of those standarditems which may be replaced) of automatic transmission   power steering   power brakes   powerwindows, power seats, radio ant heater to the extent that these items areavailable as factory-installed equipment (whether installed or not.) ACCIDENT That occurrence in a sequence of events whichusually produces unintended injury, death, or property damage.   An event that produces injury and/or damage.   Involves a motor vehicle in transport, andoccurs on a trafficway or while the vehicle is still in motion after runningoff the trafficway. ACCIDENT ANALYSIS: See cause analysis ACCIDENT RATE The rate of the frequency of accidents to thefrequency of some exposure measured such as vehicle miles traveled. ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION The effort to determine, from whatever informationis available, how the accident happened.   Reconstruction was formally referred to as determiningbehavioral or immediate causes of an accident: levelfour of traffic accident investigation. ACCIDENT SCENE See scene ACCIDENT SITE See site ACCOMMODATIONS The structural members which support and adapt theACRS module to the vehicle. ACKERMAN STEER ANGLE The angle whose tangent is the wheel base dividedby the radius of turn. ACKERMAN STEER ANGLE GRADIENT The rate of change of Ackerman steer angle withrespect to change in steady-state lateral acceleration on a level road at agiven trim and test conditions. ACQUAINTANCE Any person other than a driver, passenger, orwitness who is acquainted with people or vehicles connected to the accident orknows the circumstances of the accident ACRS (Air Cushion Restraint System) A device to protectan occupant during crashes by deploying and inflating an air cushion. ACRS MODULE An ACRS unit which includes the inflator, manifold,diffuser and air cushions, but does not include the sensors, bodyaccommodations or trim cover. ACTIVE CODE The status of the diagnostic monitoring in the ECM. ( Detroit ) When a diagnostic code is recognized, the ECM turns on either the yellow (check engine) or red (stop engine) lamp on the dashboard. ( Detroit ) ACTIVE RESTRAINT An occupant restraint system that requires someaction on the part of the user to make the system functional. (Manual SeatBelts) ACTUAL FRONT OF DASH The vertical line tangent to the foremost normalsurface of the dash panel at the centerline of occupant. ACTUATION Cushion deployment caused by a valid vehicle crashcondition.. ACUTE ANGLE An angle that is less than a right, 90-degree,angle. ADAPTER, ELECTRICAL A device that allows a connection to be madebetween two items of equipment having different types of connectors   Most often used to connect electrical lines,particularly a connection between the tractor and trailer, when one electricalline has four prongs and the other six prongs. ADAPTOR, SPEEDO Ration mechanism to correct speedometer reading. ADJUSTABLE AXLES See sliding tandem. ADVANCE MATERIAL Any material run prior to first regular productionrun for purpose of pilot, pre-production or line-fill requirements. ADVANCE OF A SIGNAL The side of the signal opposite to that from whichthe indication is received. A END OF CAR The end opposite that on which the hand brake ismounted. AERODYNAMIC ANGLE OF ATTACK Aerodynamic angle of attack is the angle betweenthe vehicle x-axis and the trace of the resultant air velocity vector on avertical plane containing the vehicle x-axis. AERODYNAMIC FORCES An aerodynamic force is a force on a vehicle causedby the flow of air across the vehicle.   An aerodynamic force is also generated by the movement of a vehiclethrough still air, since the equivalent effect could be produced by passing airover the same vehicle at rest. AERODYNAMIC SIDESLIP ANGLE The angle between the traces on the vehicle x-yplane of the vehicle x-axis and the resultant air velocity vector at somespecified point in the vehicle. A-FRAME SUSPENSION The A-Frame is a type of automotive suspensionwhich includes two control arms and a spring.   In one configuration the spring is between two arms.   Another configuration places the springsabove the upper control arm. AFTER-ACCIDENT SITUATION MAP A scale drawing of the scene after a trafficaccident situation is established; a graphical summary of the results of anaccident without indication of any assumed events of the accident or otherinferential elements AFTERBURNER A combustor in which heat is added to the workingfluid after the last expansion stage (SAE J604c). AFTERCOOLER Device for cooling air after compression inturbocharger. AGENT A person authorized to transact business for and inthe name of another.   A driver becomesan agent of the trucking company when signing for freight. AGGREGATED SHIPMENTS Several shipments from different shipper to oneconsignee that are consolidated and treated as a single consignment. AGITATOR BODY Truck body designed and equipped to mix concrete intransit. AGREED VALUATION Freight value mutually agreed upon by shipper andcarrier as a bests for transportation charges.   It also may represent an agreed maximum amount that can be recovered incase loss or damage. agreed wet 0 t A weight set and agreed upon by carrier andshipper as a basis for charges. AIR BAG An inflatable bag that is filled with a gas afterreceiving an activation signal.   Theinflated bag then cushions the occupant during an impact and provides ride downto the occupants.   An airbag is apassive restraint system. AIR BAG ADI AIR BAG AECM AIR BAG AMS AIR BAG API AIR BAG Airbag AIR BAG AirbagModule AIR BAG AirbagSystem AIR BAG AllFire Pulse AIR BAG ATD AIR BAG AugmentedInflator AIR BAG AutoIgnition Material AIR BAG Bag AIR BAG BagFold AIR BAG BallisticTank Test AIR BAG BallisticTest AIR BAG BarrierTest Vehicle AIR BAG BioSID AIR BAG BonfireTest AIR BAG Booster/Enhancer AIR BAG Bridgewire AIR BAG BridgeElement AIR BAG BurstDisc AIR BAG BurstTest AIR BAG Canister AIR BAG ChestG AIR BAG ClockSpring AIR BAG CombustionChamber AIR BAG Connector AIR BAG Cover AIR BAG CrashSensor AIR BAG Cushion AIR BAG DAB AIR BAG DShaft Sensor trigger AIR BAG DERM AIR BAG Deployment AIR BAG Deployment AIR BAG DiagnosticModule AIR BAG Diffuser(Inflator) AIR BAG Diffuser(Module) AIR BAG DiscriminatingSensor AIR BAG Disk AIR BAG D.O.T. AIR BAG Dummy, AIR BAG DropTest AIR BAG DualStage Inflator AIR BAG ECM AIR BAG ECSElectronic Crash Sensor: AIR BAG ECU AIR BAG EMC AIR BAG EMI AIR BAG EMI AIR BAG EMS AIR BAG ESD AIR BAG Effluent AIR BAG EnergyReserve Capacitor AIR BAG Eurobag AIR BAG EuroSID AIR BAG Facebag AIR BAG FemurLoad AIR BAG Ferrite AIR BAG Filter Assembly AIR BAG Gas Composition Tests AIR BAG Gas Generant AIR BAG Gas Generator AIR BAG Grain AIR BAG HIC Head Injury Criterion: AIR BAG Heat Shield AIR BAG Housing AIR BAG Housing, Inflator AIR BAG Hybrid Bag AIR BAG Hybrid Inflator AIR BAG Hydroburst AIR BAG IRS AIR BAG Igniter AIR BAG Igniter AIR BAG Ignition Material AIR BAG III AIR BAG Impact AIR BAG Inflatable Restraint System AIR BAG Inflator Assembly AIR BAG Initiator AIR BAG Inner Cover AIR BAG Knee Bag AIR BAG Knee Bolster AIR BAG MarginalIndicia AIR BAG Minibag AIR BAG Module Assembly AIR BAG Module Deployment Test AIR BAG No Fire AIR BAG No Fire Pulse AIR BAG OOPO AIR BAG PAB AIR BAG Particulate Composition Tests AIR BAG Pellet AIR BAG Pill AIR BAG Porosity AIR BAG Primary Sensor AIR BAG Primer AIR BAG Propellant AIR BAG Protective Cover/Outer Cover AIR BAG RFI AIR BAG R.I.M/Scrim AIR BAG Reaction Can AIR BAG Readiness Indicator AIR BAG Recorder AIR BAG SAB AIR BAG SDM AIR BAG SID AIR BAG SIR AIR BAG SRS AIR BAG Safetyswitch AIR BAG SafingSensor AIR BAG Screen AIR BAG ScreenChamber AIR BAG SecondarySensor AIR BAG ShortingClip AIR BAG SledTest AIR BAG Squib AIR BAG Tablet AIR BAG TankTest AIR BAG TearSeam A AIR BAG Tethers AIR BAG Threshold,Deployment AIR BAG Thruster AIR BAG Timeto First Pressure (TTFP) AIR BAG TorsoBag AIR BAG TransferCord AIR BAG VC AIR BAG VC AIR BAG Vents AIR BAG Wafer AIR BAG WindshieldWire Protector AIR BRAKE HOSE The flexible connection between the brake pipes ofcars or locomotives. AIR BRAKE SYSTEM An air brake system is a braking system in whichair under pressure causes actuation of the brakes at the wheels. AIR BRAKES Brakes that utilize compressed air instead offluid. AIR CLEANER Device for cleaning and purifying air enteringengine.   Also called air filter.   There may be two, a primary and a secondary. AIR CLEANER, DRY Filter element made from dry material such aspaper, fabric or metal. AIR CLEANER, WET Air cleaned through oil bath filter. AIR COMPRESSOR Device to build up and maintain required airpressure in the brake system reservoir. AIR CUSHIONS Inflatable cloth bags which protect vehicleoccupants by minimizing occupant movement and lessening occupant impact. AIR FILTER Same as air cleaner. AIR FILTER RESTRICTION GAUGE Registers the flow of air through the aft filterelement.   Provides indication offilter \'s obstruction by dirt and other materials which would restrict the flowof air to the engine. AIR GAUGE An instrument which indicates the amount of airpressure in the reservoirs or brake pipe. AIR HOSE See air lines. AIR INTAKE DISTRIBUTING MANIFOLD Distributes air to the various cylinders of theengine and attaches to the cylinder heads at the intake ports. AIR LINES Used to carry compressed air from one part of thebrake system to another and from tractor to the trailer.   One called the emergency or supply line andis always charged with compressed air.   The other line is called the service or control line.   When the air brake treadle valve isdepressed, flows from the supply reservoir through the service line and causesthe brakes to apply. AIR PRESSURE GAUGE Measures pressure of air in air tanks in psi.   If the pressure drops below 60 psi., a lowpressure warning device (buzzer or light) will operate, indicating unsafevehicle.   Sometimes there are two.   The second gauge indicates pressure usedduring braking. AIR RESERVOIR (trailer)   Storage tank for compressed air for the trailer brakes. AIR RESERVOIR Storage tank for compressed air. AIR RESISTANCE Air or wind resistance to moving vehicle. AIR SLIDER A cab-controlled sliding fifth wheel that can beunlocked by air to be moved backward or forward.   See sifting fifth wheel. AIR SUSPENSION SYSTEM Air suspension systems are used to support the bodyof a vehicle and to keep it level.   Thecompressed air is usually supplied by an air compressor driven by theengine.   A governor to keep the pressurewithin limits, an air tank, appropriate piping and valves, and some type of airbellows or air spring make up the rest of the air suspension system. AIR TAG A tag axle that has two bellows-like air bags that,when filled, force the tractor \'s rear axle harder against the ground for asmoother ride and for weight distribution between the two axles of the tractor. AIR-FUEL RATIO The air-fuel ratio is the fraction that expressesthe weight of fuel divided by the weight of air in the combustible mixture fedto an engine. AIR-LIFT AXLE An axle with an elevating device operated by aftthat enables the driver to regulate the amount of weight carried on that axleby raising or lowering it. AIR-OVER-HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM An air-over-hydraulic brake system is a brakesystem that uses compressed air to transmit a pressure from the driver controlto a hydraulic brake system which in turn actuates the service brakes. AIR-RIDE SUSPENSION (See Air Spring.):   An air spring is a device filled with pressurized air which acts in thesame manner as a conventional metal spring.   Such devices are common on some types of heavy duty vehicles.   It is sometimes called an air-ride suspension.   Air springs have also been used in someautomobiles. AIS ( Abb. Injury Scale ) An integer scale developed to rate the severity oftrauma; the scales include   1 minor, 2moderate, 3 serious, 4 severe, 5 critical, 6 maximum; currentlyuntreatable.   The scale does notexplicitly denotes fatal injury.   It wasdeveloped by the American Association for Automotive Medicine. ALARM Setup parameter to enable or disable the alarm output in the ProDriver ( Detroit ) ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT An accident is considered to have involved alcoholin any level of blood alcohol detected in a test on one of the involved persons(e.g., vehicle operator or pedestrian), or if the investigating officerindicated that drinking was involved, whether there was a test for alcohol(i.e., BAC) or not.   This includes DWIand DUI citations and had been drinking notation. ALEMITE FITTING Grease fitting. ALERTOR A device which detects the frequency of theengineman \'s movements and initiates an air brake application when the requiredfrequency of such movement is not maintained.   See Deadman Control. ALLEY A street or highway intended to provide access tothe rear or side of lots or buildings in urban districts and not intended forthe purpose of through vehicular traffic;   RR (slang), A clear track for movement through a yard. ALLOWANCE (1) A sum granted as a reimbursement or repayment.(2) A deduction from the gross weight or value of goods. ALLOY STEEL A steel to which any alloying element other thancarbon is added to strengthen physical properties. ALTERNATING CURRENT Electrical current that changes its direction offlow many times a second and is used in a building, as opposed to directcurrent as used on a vehicle. ALTERNATOR Generator producing alternating current. ALUMINUM KILLED STEEL (AK) Aluminum killed, cold reduced box annealedlast (also tempered in exposed grades) drawing quality sheet steel for partshaving an extremely severe draw. A. M. A. Automobile Manufacturers Association AMBIENT The conditions of the surrounding or backgroundmedium, as ambient temperature or sound. AMBIENT WIND VELOCITY ambient wind angle is the angle between the X axisof the earth-fixed axis system and the ambient wind velocity vector. AMBIENT WIND VELOCITY ambient wind velocity is the horizontal componentof the air mass velocity relative to the earth-fixed axis system in thevicinity of the vehicle. AMERICAN TRUCKING ASSOCIATIONS, INC. (ATA)      Anational federation of independent and autonomous state trucking associations,each representing all classes and types of truck operation, and thirteenindependent and autonomous conferences, each of which represents a specialclass or type of truck operation.   Headquarters location 1616 P Street, NOW., Washington, DC   20036. AMMETER Gauge for measuring amperes in electrical system. AMNESIA See Retrograde Amnesia. AMPERE Unit of measurement of flow of electrical current. AMPLITUDE Amplitude of displacement at a point in a vibratingsystem is the largest value of displacement that the point attains withreference to its equilibrium position. AMPLITUDE RATIO amplitude ratio (relative magnificationfactor)   The ratio of a forced vibrationamplitude to the static amplitude. AMPMETER An instrument that measures the amount of currentflowing in an electrical current. ANALYSIS A process of study and evaluation with the intendedresult of reaching a decision. ANGLE COCK A two position valve located at both ends of thebrake pipe on locomotives, passenger and freight cars.   When open, it allows the passage of air. ANGLE COLLISION A collision between two traffic units approachingor separate roadways or other paths that intersect. ANGLE OF APPROACH The minimum   angle between ground line and a line tangent to the foremost end of thecar and through the front wheel ground contact point; also called ramp angle. ANGLE OF DEPARTURE Minimum   angle between ground line and a line tangent to the rear-most end of thecar through the rear wheel ground contact point; also called ramp angle. ANGULAR ACCELERATION (a): An unbalanced torque (t), acting on a bodyof   moment of inertia   I, and   producing in   the body   an angular acceleration.   T = I*a Torque, moment of inertia, andangular   acceleration are all computedwith respect   to   the same   axis.    The angularacceleration   must be reported inradians/seconds2. ANGULAR IMPACT An angular impact occurs when two vehicles collidein such a manner that their respective directions of force are not parallel toeach other. ANGULAR ORIENTATION   Theorientation of the vehicle axis system (x,y,z) with respect to the earth-fixedaxis system (X,Y,Z) is given by a sequence of three angular rotations.   The following sequence of rotations (seeNote 6), starting from a condition in which the two wets of axis are initiallyaligned, is defined to the be standard:(1)   A yaw rotation, about the aligned z and Z-axis. \'-2   A pitch rotation,   , about the vehicle y-axis. \'-3   A roll rotation,   , about thevehicle x-axis. ANGULAR VELOCITY A measure of the change of rotation with respect totime.   Angular acceleration is the ratechange of angular velocity, usually measured in radians per second, or thevector quantity expressing velocity of a point in the vehicle relative to theearth-fixed axis system (X, Y, Z).   Thefollowing motion variables are components of this vector resolved with respectto the moving vehicle axis system (x,y,z). ANNEALING The process of heating or cooling the metal for thepurpose of softening or removing stresses. ANTHROPOMORPHIC A test dummy representative   of the size,, shape and weight of aparticular male or female statistical type. ANTI-LOCK SYSTEM An anti-lock system is a portion of the servicebrake system that automatically controls the degree of rotational slip of oneor more road wheels of the vehicle during braking. ANTI-LOCK WARNING The anti-lock warning on a brake system is acombined audible signal and light that informs the operator of locked brakes. APCN (Advanced Product Change Notice) applies only toparts not yet released for production. See Product Change Notice (PCN).(Chrysler derived.) APE HANGARS Term used for motorcycle handlebars that are atshoulder height of the rider. APEX The point at which two sides of an angle meet orcross. API American Petroleum Institute A PILLAR The foremost pillar in the upper side structure ofa vehicle. Successive pillars rearward are labeled B, Cand, in station wagons, D. A POINT The point at which the centerline of the torsocontacts the seat cushion. Obsolete as a measuring point. (See Hpoint). APPLICATION PRESSURE AIR GAUGE Gauge that indicates pressure being applied bybrakes during brake operation.   See airpressure gauge. APPLIQUE A decorative panel applied to a basic interior orexterior panel. May be metal, plastic, or a combination with a bright, brushed,textured or painted finish. APPROACH SIGNAL A fixed signal preceding an interlocking signal,governing the approach to the interlocking. APU Authorized pickup. APWCS Advanced Program Weight Control System ARC Part of a curve, especially part of a circle,between two points on the curve. AREA OF IMPACT (AOI) has several meanings.   It may mean the area of initial contactbetween a vehicle and an object on the highway.   It may also mean the area at which two vehicles collide. AREA OF REST The final after impact position of acollision-involved vehicle.   Theposition where a collision-involved vehicle ceases all motion following acollision. ARGENT FINISH A silvery, aluminum-pigmented paint withapproximately the same color and luster as brushed or satin-finished chrome,aluminum or steel. ARMATURE Metal I-beam frame and wheels with a wood structure- and sometimes styrofoam - used as the base for a clay model and madeapproximately 3 under the size of the proposed finished clay shape. (Seealso clay buck.) ARRIVAL NOTICE A notice, furnished to consignee, of the arrival offreight. ARTICULATED Having parts connected by joints.   A tractor-trailer is an articulated vehicle. ASBE American Society of Body Engineers ASPECT The appearance of a fixed signal conveying anindication. ASPECT RATIO Aspect ratio as applied to a tire is the ratio ofthe tire section height to the section width. ASSIGN The transfer of property to an another, frequentlyfor the benefit of creditors. ASSIGNED CAR Car which has been assigned to a particularindustry or for use with a specific commodity. ASSIGNEE One to whom a right or property is transferred. ASSIGNOR One by whom a right or property is transferred toanother. ASOS Automated Surface Observation System, FAA ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ASTRAY FREIGHT Freight bearing marks indicating origin anddestination, but separated from the waybill.   See over freight. ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY   Asymptoticstability exits at a prescribed trim if, any small temporary change indisturbance or control input, the vehicle will approach the motion defined bythe trim. AT CRASH The period of time in a collision sequence from thepoint of initial contact to point of separation. ATMOSPHERICAL REFRACTION The amount in angular measure, by which thealtitude of a celestial body in increased by the refraction of its light in theearths atmosphere, being zero at the zenith and maximum at the horizon. ATOMIZE Breaking up fuel to mis-like form. AT-SCENE INQUIRY Questioning informants at the scene of a trafficaccident for the purpose of obtaining facts required for the official accidentreport and such other information as may be readily be available. AT-SCENE INVESTIGATION Examine and recording results of the accident andobtaining additional information at the scene of a traffic accident which maynot be available later and which supplements data obtained for the accidentreport.   The information is factual asfar as possible.   Level 2 of   Accident Investigation. ATTITUDE CHANGES An object changing its attitude, in contrast to changingits position, can rotate in any and all of the three planes X, Y, and Z.   Yaw is rotation in the X,Y plane.   Pitch is rotation in the X,Z plane, and Rollis rotation in the Y,Z plane.   ATTRIBUTE Any inherent characteristic of a road, a vehicle,or a person that affects the probability of a traffic accident. ATV All Terrain Vehicle.   A three or four wheel motorcycle used primarily for off roadriding. AUGMENTED INFLATOR An ACRS inflator which supplements the stored gaspressure by means of a pyrotechnic heater. A UNIT A Diesel unit equipped with a cab and operatingcontrols. AUTO TRANSPORTER BODY Truck or trailer body designed for thetransportation of vehicles. AUTOMATIC AIR BRAKE A braking system which draws air from theatmosphere and stores it under pressure.   A reduction in brake pipe pressure, regardless of how it is made,(bleeding of air by use of a valve, or by a brake in the train line)automatically applies the brakes.   Anincrease in brake pipe pressure causes brakes to release. AUTOMATIC BELTS (Passive Seat Belts) Occupant restraint systemautomatically applied to occupant to provide protection in case of impact orsevere movement of the vehicle. AUTOMATIC BLOCK SIGNAL SYSTEM (ABS) A block signal system within the use of each blockis governed by an automatic signal. AUTOMATIC BLOCK SIGNALING 1), A system in which signals are operatedautomatically by a train, a broken rail, an open switch, a car standing on aturn out, fouling the main track, etc.   2), Railroad crossing flashers and gate operated automatically by theapproach of a train. AUTOMOBILE CAR A car specially designed for transportingautomobiles.   It may be a type of a boxcar or a type of flat car usually called an automobile rack car. AUTOMOBILE PARTS CAR A box car specially fitted for transportation ofautomobile parts in racks without packing. AUTOMOBILE RACK CAR Flat car with steel racks for transporting fullyassembled automobiles.   Racks haveeither two or three levels, are equipped with tie down devices, and arecushioned for vertical and horizontal shocks. AUXILIARY RESERVOIR A reservoir for storage of compressed air tooperate the brakes of each individual car, and supplied for the main reservoiron the locomotive through the brake pipe. AUXILIARY TRANSMISSION A second transmission connected with the maintransmission to provide a wider range of speeds and gear ratios. AVAILABLE PATH The entire area in a trafficway in which a trafficunit may maneuver without interfering with other traffic units.   Available path is not the same as the roadspace which a vehicle is legally entitled to travel. AVERAGE ACCELERATION Average acceleration is found by dividing thechange in velocity of an   object by thetime that is required to gain that velocity, using compatible units. AVERAGE AGREEMENT An agreement made between an industry and therailroad where by the industry is debited for the time cars are held forloading or unloading beyond a certain period, and credited for the times carsare released within that certain period.   Demurrage charges are assessed at the end of the month for anyoutstanding debits AVERAGE DRIVE LOAD The calculated average operating load on the engine while it is not in idle mode. This quantity is valid for all three choices of idle mode definition. ( Detroit ) AVERAGE VEHICLE SPEED Trip Distance divided by Trip Driving Time. ( Detroit ) AWOS Automated Weather Observation System AXIS A straight line about which a body or a geometricfigure rotates or may be supposed to rotate. AXLE The axle of a vehicle is the shaft on which thewheels are mounted.   The axle point isthe midpoint of the ails on a semi-trailer having a single rear axle.   The axle point of a tandem set is the pointmidway between the midpoints of the two axles.   The axle point is used in the analysis of motion of the tractor-trailercombination. AXLE ELLIOT Front axle having forged yokes into which thesteering knuckles rotate. Axle fore-and-aft shake   Oscillatory motion of an axle which consists purelyof longitudinal displacement. AXLE RATIO Ratio of axle to drive line   the number of turns of the drive line inrelation to one full turn of the drive wheels.   The higher the numerical ratio, the slower the road speed;    The ratio between the rotational speed(RMP) of the drive shaft and that of the driven wheel.   Same Ratio as the gear reduction finaldrive, which is determined by dividing the number of teeth on the ring gear bythe number of teeth on the pinion gear.     See gear ratio. AXLE REVERSE ELLIOT Front axle having forged ends that insert betweenthe bosses of the yoked steering knuckles. AXLE SHAFT FLOATING Shaft carries no vehicle loads but transmitstorque. AXLE SHAFT SEMI-FLOATING Shaft carries vehicle loads as well as torque. AXLE SIDE SHAKE Oscillatory motion of an axle which consists oftransverse displacement. AXLE TEMPERATURE GAUGES Indicate temperature of lubricant in drive axles. AXLE WEIGHT The amount of a rig \'s gross weight that rest on anyone axle. AXLE WINDUP Oscillatory motion of an axle about the horizontaltransverse axis through its center of gravity. AXLE YAW Oscillatory motion of an axle around the verticalaxis through its center of gravity. AXLE, LIVE Driven axle. AXLE, PUSHER Non-powered rear axle, located ahead of drive axle. AXLE, TAG Non-powered rear axle (not driven); follows driveaxle. References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",162);arrFiles[1]=new Array(2,"B.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary B","","","wd Normal wd 2 1 2003-02-25T02:41:00Z 2003-02-25T02:41:00Z 13 4236 24147 iintegration 201 48 29654 9.2720 B B.M.C.S Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety. BAC (Blood alcohol concentration),   Results of a test for alcohol in theblood.   The relative proportion of ethylalcohol in the blood stated in terms of the number of milligrams of alcohol in100 milliliters of blood (weight / volume).   In nearly all states, 0.10 percent BAC is considered the limit for legalintoxication.   In Kansas the limit is0.8 percent. BACK HAUL (1) The return part of the trip   (2) the freight that is carried on thereturn portion of a trip   (3} a shipmentthat is carried back over part of a route that has been previously traveled. BACKLIGHT The window across the rear of any automobile,regardless of body style. Sometimes called back window. BACK-UP AIR SIGNAL Warning whistle which can be operated at the rearof the train when backing up.   Air forits operation is taken from the train line. BAD ORDER Car in need of repair. BALL JOINT A ball joint in the suspension of a vehiclecomprises a stud, housing, boot, reloading spring, pressure plate, andinsert.   In the suspension, two balljoints are used at each wheel to form a pivot axis about which the wheel turnsin steering.   In other applications, aball joint is a connection between parts which allows one part to rotate abouta fixed point in the other part.   Thus,a ball joint can transmit forces, but it cannot transmit any torque. BALLAST Selected material placed on the road bed to holdthe track in line.   Ballast preferablyconsists of hard particles easily handled in tampering, which distributes theload, drain well, and resist plant growth. BALLAST CAR A car for carrying ballast for repair andconstruction work, usually a gondola or hopper. BALLAST TAMPER A machine for compacting ballast under the ties. BALLOON FREIGHT Light, bulky cargo. BAND PLY The first ply on the inside of a tire. BANK The degree to which the outside edge of a roadwayis higher than the inside edge at a specified point on a curve; the change inelevation per unit of distance across the roadway from the inside curve to theoutside edge; superelevation.   BAO Body and Assembly Organization. BARRIER COLLISION TEST A number of Federal hater Vehicle Safety Standardsrequire that a vehicle be tested in a collision with a fixed barrier, inaccordance with the Society of Automotive Engineers Recommended Practice J850,Barrier Collision Tests. BARRIER LINE A line which, when placed parallel to a center orlane line, indicates that no traffic may cross the line for purposes ofovertaking and passing; a double line consisting of two normal solidyellow lines delineating the separation between travel paths in opposite directionswhere overtaking and passing is prohibited in both directions; a two directionno passing marking., BASE STATE The state in which a vehicle is primarilyregistered.. BATTERY An electrochemical device for storing and supplyingelectrical energy BBC The length of the tractor from the bumper to theback of the cab. Always stated in inches. BC DIMENSION Distance from back of cab to end of frame. BEAD (TIRE) The inner edge of the outer wall of a rubber tire,fitting on the rim.   Thefoundation of a tire.   It ismade of high tensile steel wires and wrapped and reinforced by the plies. BEAD BASE The approximately cylindrical portion of the beadthat forms its inside diameter. BEAD MOLDING A molding with a small cross-section of any length. BEAD SEAT (TIRE) The bead seat is the part of the wheel rim intowhich the best of the tire is mounted. BEAD SEPARATION   (TIRE) Bead separation is a breakdown of the bond betweencomponents in the bead area. BEAD TOE That portion of the bead which joins the bead baseand the inside surface of the tire. BEAD-TO-SEAT MEASUREMENT The distance from the heel of one bead straight upat 90- to the bead over the crown and down the other side to a position on theheel of the other bead directly opposite the starting point. BEAMING A mode of vibration involving predominantly bendingdeformations of the sprung mass about the vehicle y-axis. BEANERY A railroad eating house. BEARING A relative degree of surface contact between onedie member and another. BEAUTY BOLTS Exposed, large, round, bright bolt heads on thesurface of bumpers. Also used to identify similar parts of station wagonsimulated-wood side treatment. The beauty in this context isironic. BELT DRIVE AXLE An axle driven by V-belts, which transmit powerfrom the drive axle.   See Y-belt drive. BELT DRIVEN AXLE An axle driven by V-belts, which transmits powerfrom the drive axle BELT LINE A short railroad operating within or around a city. BELT PLAYOUT The length of the belt that leaves the retractorspool prior to the belt locking mechanism engaging as a result of animpact.   Typical belt playout is 2.5 - 5cm (1/2 inches).   BELT STRETCH The lengthening of the lap or shoulder belt due todynamic loading during impact.   Typicalbelt stretch is 15cm (6 inches) in a 48 KHP (30 mph) barrier equivalent impact. BELT WORK LINE Arbitrary horizontal work line usually located atapproximately the 35 inch line and commonly shown as BWL. BELTED (TIRES): A belted tire is a tire in which an outer layer, orbelt, of class, steel or rayon fibers, is wrapped around the circumference ofthe tire just beneath the tread. BELTED CONSTRUCTION A type of tire construction which includes one ormore reinforcing belts of fabric or steel. These belts run circumferentiallyaround the crown of the tire. BELTLINE The line established by the   upper edge of the car lower body at theglass openings, as seen from the side. BEND See crook BENDING MOMENT The product of force and distance from point ofsupport to point where force is applied causing bending or distortion. BENDIX DRIVE Drive mechanism on cranking motor. B END OF CAR The end of which the hand brake is located. BERM The shoulder of the road. BERM See shoulder BEVEL GEAR Gear used to transmit power at angle. BEZEL A frame, escutcheon, or rim, usually surrounding alamp or opening. Either bright-finished or painted. bhp Brake horsepower. BIAS-PLY Construction where cords run diagonally to the tire \'sbead or direction of rotation. In conversation, bias-ply has cometo mean an old-style tire. BICYCLE A two wheeled pedal cycle. BICYCLE A two wheeled pedal cycle. BIG HOLE (slang) Emergency position on the air brake valve. BILL OF LADING (B/L)   Thewritten transportation contract between shipper and carrier (or their agents).   It identifies the freight, who is toreceive it and the place of delivery and gives the terms of theassignment.   All goods going to areceiver at one destination in a single shipment or on one truck must be on asingle bill of lading.     The straightbill of lading provides that freight be delivered to the receiver shown on thebill.   It is non-negotiable.   Surrender of this type of bill of lading isnot required except when it is necessary for the receiver to identifyhimself.   This might be necessary forexample, for certain bonded goods such as liquor.   Always printed on white paper.    The other bill of lading is negotiable.   Its purpose is to enable a shipper to collect for the shipment before itreaches its destination.   The shippersends an original bill of lading and draft for the charges through a bank.   The receiver pays the carrier \'s agent theamount of the draft and then and then can receive the goods.   With this method, the shipper customarilyconsigns the shipment to himself.   Theperson or company to be notified at destination is specified. The shipment maybe released to the receiver only upon the order of the shipper.   The order bill of lading must be surrenderedwith delivery of the freight.   Alwaysprinted on yellow paper.   Eitherstraight or order bills of lading me be designated as through .   A through bill of lading covers shipment bymore than one transportation company at a fixed rate for the entireservice.   More than one type oftransportation company (such as truck or rail) may be utilized.   All see clean bill of lading. BILL OF SALE A contract for the sale of goods. BILLED WEIGHT The weight shown in a freight bill. BILLET CAR A low side gondola car built of steel throughoutfor transportation of hot steel billets. BILLING POINT Location where the waybill is prepared. BILLING REPAIR CARD The card furnished to the car owner when repairwork is done on a foreign car. BINDER WHIP A distortion in panel   surfaces resulting from an improper binder configuration. Metalis permitted to crowd together and subsequent draw is insufficient to removethe bruise. BINGO CARD See cab card BIOMECHANICS The study of energy and forces and their relationto motion, deformation or equilibrium of human and other living entities.   The analysis of action of forces onbiological materials or biological systems. BISCUIT Rectangular sewn area on a seat or door panel. BITUMINOUS CONCRETE Concrete cemented with a bituminous material suchas tar or asphalt. BLADE A thin,, sharply defined ridge in the body metal,or an appliqué of a similar nature. BLANKET WAY BILL A waybill covering two or more consignments offreight BLASTING AGENTS See hazardous material BLEED THE AIR TANKS To drain the accumulated water out of the air tanksof a tractor to prevent the condensed water from reducing air tank capacity andthus cutting braking efficiency. BLEED THE FUEL LINES To remove   trapped air from the fuel lines. BLIND QUARTERAN Unusually wide C pillar or roofquarter, tending the enclose rear seat area. BLIND SIDE The right side of the truck and trailer, oppositeof the site side. BLIPS Small ornamentation in series; I.e., severalidentical ports, bars, windsplits, etc., aligned horizontally or vertically onthe body. BLOCK 1) A length of track of defined limits. 2) A groupof cars classified for movement to the same yard or terminal. BLOCK SIGNAL A signal at the entrance of a block to governtrains and engines entering and using that block. BLOCK SIGNAL SYSTEM A method of governing the movement of trains intoor within one or more blocks by the use of signals. BLOCKING Supports used to prevent cargo from shifting duringtransportation. BLOOM Bleeding rubber-oils surface and discolor. BLOWBY Engine gases leaking past the piston rings and/orvalves and entering the crankcase. Overflow. BLOWER (1) A device that forces additional air into theengine to increase its efficiency and horsepower.   Two types of blowers are the supercharger and the turbocharger;(2) A fan that blows air over ice to maintain a low temperature in a trailertransporting perishable goods. BLOW-OFF VALVE A regulatory valve on the air system that allowsthe escape of excess air pressure if the governor on the air compressor failsto operate. BLUE BUCK/BODY-IN-WHITE an incomplete assembly of a vehicle generallyconsisting of the major body panels welded together and in a state prior toprime and paint processing. BLUE LABEL See hazardous material BLUE-LINE DRAWING A print reproduced, usually on paper, by an ammoniadeveloping process. Also known as print or blueprint. BMD Basic Manufacturing Division BMEP Brake mean effective pressure. BOARD A fixed signal regulating railroad traffic andusually referred to as a slow board, order board, clear board, or red board. BOARDING CAR A term commonly applied to a car used as a place oflodging for workmen.   In the case ofwreck trains, they are more often called dinning and sleeping cars. BOBTAIL A tractor without a trailer; or a single truck. BODY Structure mounted on chassis for cargo orpassengers. BODY CENTER PLATE The center plate attached to the underside of thebody bolster.   See center plate. BODY FRAMING Area designated as such for the assembly of thebody shell. BODY HARDWARE Door handles, window operating cranks, locks,hinges, ventilation knobs, mirrors, and other functional and appearance metalparts. BODY LOCK PILLAR The body pillar that contains the lock strikerplate. Usually is integral with center pillar of rear quarter assembly. BODY OPENING Opening in the body surface to match the edges ofdoors, tailgates, etc. BODY SIDE MOLDING Usually narrow plastic part attached to doors toprotect body sides from damage. BODY TYPE The general configuration or shape of a vehicledistinguished by characteristics such as the number of doors, seats, orwindows, roof line, hard top, convertible, etc. BOGEY   (Bogie) 1) Usually an axle added to a tractor to carry moreweight as weight distribution.   2) Therunning gear of a highway semi-trailer which may be removed.   3) The term used generally to mean swivelrailway truck. BOGIES An assembly of two or more axles, such as a tandemaxle. BOLSTER 1) A cross member on the under side of a car bodyand in the center of a truck, through which the weight is transmitted.   The bolsters carry the body and truck centerplates, the body bolster resting on the truck bolster, and is connected to itwith a center pin.   2) The portion ofthe seat which rolls over or forms the upper most part of the seat-back or theleading edge of the seat   itself. BOLT AND BOND ASSEMBLY A method of attaching parts or sub-assembliestogether by bolting and applying adhesive instead of welding. BOLT CIRCLE The diameter of the circle which traces through thecenterline of the bolt holes. It defines the bolt hole spacing around the discin a wheel. BONDED WAREHOUSE A warehouse approved by the US Treasury Departmentand under bond or guarantee of the strict observance of the revenue laws.   Also utilized for storing goods until dutiesare paid or otherwise released. BONNET The protective covering over the air intake thatkeeps water or other substances from entering the air system; or the hood onany conventional type tractor. BOOM A high intensity vibration (25-100 Hz) perceivedaudibly and characterized as sensation of pressure by the ear. BOOM IT DOWN (slang) :   Tightenchains around freight. BOOMERS (slang) See chain binders. BOOST PRESSURE Pressure of air above atmospheric pressure created by the turbocharger. ( Detroit ) BOOT Folding top storage area (convertible). BOOTLEG POCKET Pocket at the rear of the rear wheel house formedby the quarter panel and at the quarter panel-to-pan filter. BORE The diameter of a cylinder. BORE & STROKE Bore is the diameter of a cylinder; the stroke isthe maximum distance a piston moves during one complete stroke. BOTTLER \'S BODY A truck body designed for hauling cased, bottledbeverages. BOTTOM DEAD CENTER Lowest point of periphery of flywheel whencrank-throw is in lowest position. BOTTOM DUMP Trailer body designed to dump its cargo throughgates in the bottom or floor of the trailer. BOTTS DOTS Botts dots are raised pavement markers used todelineate separate lanes, shoulders or center dividers. BOUNCE The amount of springiness in a vehicle as a resultof impact crash.   The deformed materialswill expand after the maximum deformation (dynamic crush) to settlein at the static crush value.   A vehicleimpacted into an immoveable barrier will bounce back from thebarrier coming to rest away from the barrier. BOX CAR An enclosed car used for general service andespecially for lading which must be protected from the weather. B PILLAR Second pillar in roof, counting from thewindshield. BRAKE A brake is any mechanism used to retard, stop orhold a vehicle in place. It is usually applied at the drive shaft or wheels ofa vehicle and converts energy to heat by means of friction. BRAKE ACTUATION TIME Brake actuation time is the time betweenapplication of pedal pressure in an air brake system and the time the brakechamber pressure reaches 60 psi.   Current Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard). BRAKE ANCHOR The brake anchor is the pivot pin on the backingplate of the brake against which the brake shoe bears. BRAKE APPLICATION VALVE A control unit which controls air pressure to thebrake cylinders or brake chambers. BRAKE BAND The brake band is ú band which surrounds the brakedrum to which the brake lining is attached. BRAKE BLEEDINGS Brake bleeding is a procedure for removing air fromthe lines of an hydraulic system in an automobile. BRAKE BOOSTER A vacuum mechanical means for increasing brakepedal pressure. BRAKE BURNISH A conditioning of a brake \'s friction surfaces bywear and temperature, either by a test procedure or in-service operation. BRAKE CHAMBER A unit in which a diaphragm converts pressure tomechanical force for actuation of the brake. BRAKE CLUB Three foot hickory stick used by freight trainmanto tighten hand brakes. BRAKE COUNT The number of times the service brake was applied. ( Detroit ) BRAKE CYLINDER A brake cylinder is a cylinder in which a pistonconverts hydraulic pressure to mechanical force in order to move the brakeshoes in a brake assembly against the braking surface of either a drum or adisc brake rotor plate. BRAKE DIAPHRAGM Bellows-type chamber used to convert comp=airpressure to mechanical force. BRAKE DISC A brake disc is a circular plate against which abrake lining is forced by hydraulic pressure.   The purpose of this is similar to the purposes of the brake assemblydescribed under the brake cylinder. BRAKE DRUM The brake drum is the cylindrical portion of theinside of the wheel, usually metal such as cast iron, to which the frictionMaterial of the brake shoe is applied in stopping a vehicle. BRAKE EFFICIENCY There are two definitions for brakingefficiency:   1.   Braking efficiency is the ratio of the forcenecessary to cause the braked wheels of a vehicle to rotate, divided by theweight of the vehicle, expressed as a percent.   2.   Braking efficiency is theratio of the deceleration which is produced by a braking system divided by themaximum acceleration possible with the available coefficient of frictionbetween tires and road.   The efficiencycan be expressed as a ratio, or as a percent. BRAKE FADE Brake fade is a condition where repeatedapplication of the brakes causes a loss of frictional ability due to heatingwhich results in the impairment of braking efficiency. BRAKE FLUID A special oil used in the hydraulic braking systemto transmit pressure through a closed system of tubing known as the brake lines BRAKE FORCE - ATTEMPTED The force that is capable of being produced by themechanical components. BRAKE FORCE - AVAILABLE The force available is identified by multiplyingthe load on the braked wheel by the truck tire / roadway surface frictioninterface. BRAKE HOP   Anoscillatory hopping motion of a single wheel or of a pair of wheels whichoccurs when brakes are applied in forward or reverse motion of the vehicle. BRAKE HORSEPOWER When referring to the power of an engine, brakehorsepower is the power output of the engine. BRAKE HOSE A brake hose is a reinforced, flexible hose,usually made of reinforced rubber, which connects the solid metal part of thehydraulic system (attached to the body or frame) to the moving part of thebrake system. She moving part is usually connected directly to the brake wheelcylinder. BRAKE LIMITING VALVE A valve in the brake application system whichlimits the maximum permissible pressure passed on to the front axle brakes. BRAKE LINE A brake line is the metallic part of the hydraulicbrake system of a vehicle.   It iscomprised of metallic tubing and fittings.   Usually, there are four brake lines, running from the master cylinder(or from an equalization switch near the master cylinder) to a point near eachwheel,   Brake hoses are used to connectthe brake lines to the wheel cylinders. BRAKE LINING The brake lining is the material which is attachedto the brake shoe and which in the process of braking contacts the brake drumin order to retard or bring the vehicle to a stop.   The material used for the brake lining must have a suitablecoefficient of friction. BRAKE MAN A train service employee who assist with train andyard operations. BRAKE PAD A flat metal piece with a brake lining which isforced against the rotor of a disc brake to produce braking action on a wheel. BRAKE PAWL   (hand brake) A small, specially shaped, steel piece, pivoted toengage the teeth of a brake ratchet wheel to prevent turning backward, and thusreleasing the brakes. BRAKE PEDAL RESERVE Brake pedal reserve is the ratio of the length ofthe depressed pedal position to the free pedal position, where the length ismeasured from the brake pedal to the floorboard. BRAKE PIPE The air brake piping of a car or locomotive whichacts as a supply pipe for the reservoir.   When all brake pipes on the car are adjoined, the entire pipe linecomprises what is commonly called train line. BRAKE POWER ASSIST UNIT The brake power assist unit in an hydraulic brakesystem is that device which reduces the operator effort required to actuate thesystem, and if inoperative does not prevent the operator from braking thevehicle by a continued application of muscular force on the service brakecontrol. BRAKE RATCHET (hand brake) A wheel attached to the brake shaft, having teethwhich the pawl engages, thus preventing the wheel and shaft from turningbackward. BRAKE RATING Proving performance. In terms of horsepower, themaximum power that the brakes will absorb or dissipate as heat in a specifiedperiod of time. BRAKE RELEASE TIME Brake release time is the time-it takes thepressure in the brake chamber of an air brake system to fall from 98 psi. to 5psi. after release of the brake pedal.   (Current Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard definition). BRAKE SHAFT A shaft on which a chain is wound and by which thepower of a hand brake is applied to the wheels. BRAKE SHOE     The nonrotating unit of the brake (to which the brake shoe is attached) that contactsthe rotating unit to supply braking force. BRAKE STEP A small shelf or ledge on the end of the a freightcar on which the brakeman stands when applying the hand brake.   Sometimes called a brake foot board. BRAKE SWITCH Switch on the brake pedal that disables cruise control when brakes are applied. ( Detroit ) BRAKE SYSTEM A combination of one or more brakes and the meansof operation and control. BRAKE SYSTEM APPLICATION & BRAKING TIME ORDISTANCE (Stopping Time or Distance) The time elapsed or the distance traveled betweenthe instant or point at which the braking system is actuated and the instant orpoint at which the vehicle or combination comes to rest. BRAKE SYSTEM APPLICATION TIME OR DISTANCE The time elapsed or distance traveled between theinstant or point at which the driver starts to move the braking controls andthe instant or point of first retardation by the brakes. BRAKE VALVE (air brake) The valve by which the engineer operates thebrakes.   The proper name is engineersbrake valve. BRAKE WHEEL An iron wheel attached to the upper end of thebrake shaft which is manually turned to apply the brakes. BRAKE, EMERGENCY Secondary chassis brakes independent in applicationfrom service brake. Used for parking the vehicle and for controlling it whenthe service brake is incapacitated. BRAKE, ENGINE Brake device using engine compression pressure asretarding medium. BRAKE, SERVICE Primary brake system for stopping vehicle. BRAKE-EXHAUST Brake device using engine exhaust back pressure asretarding medium. BRAKING DISTANCE The distance through which brakes are applied toslow a vehicle; the shortest distance in which a vehicle can be stopped bybraking from a specified speed on a particular surface; the distance fromapplication of brakes to collision.    See total stopping distance. BRAKING SKID MARK See skid mark. BRAKING TIME The time required to traverse the braking distance. BRAKING TORQUE Negative wheel torque. BRASS POUNDER Telegraph operator, whose sending instruments aremade of brass. BREAK BULK To separate a composite load into individualshipments and route them to different destinations BREAK BULK POINT OR TERMINAL A place where a composite load is separated intoindividual shipments and routed to different destinations BREAK THE UNIT (Slang)   Uncouple the tractor from the trailer. BREAKAWAY VALVE The equipment added to a tractor or trailer brakesystem which safeguards the air supply on leading units and automaticallyapplies the brakes on any trailer which accidentally become separated. BRIDGE The distance between one axle and another, orbetween two sets of axles.   Used in somestates to ascertain the permissible gross weight for the vehicle.   Also called spread.   See spread tandem. BRIDGE FORMULA A formula used to determine the maximum grossweight permissible on any group of axles. BRINELL HARDNESS Brinell Hardness refers to a scale used todesignate the degree of hardness possessed by a substance.   Brinell Hardness is measured by pressing aball into a metal by use of a calibrated machine   and measuring the force which it takes to indent the material.   The test itself is called a Brinell HardnessTest and the machine used for the test is called a Brinell Hardness Tester. BRINELL MARK A Brinell mark is a mark or Souse inmetal which is made by another piece of metal or    rd object.   Such marksare helpful in accident reconstructs (to diagnose   ..e direction of forces and the cause of failures.   The use of the terminology Brinellmark comes about by analogy with the indentation made by the ball in aBrinell Hardness test. BRINELLING Brinelling is a term which refers to indentationsin ú material caused by impact or contact with a hard object.   The term arises from the so-called BrinellHardness Test. which uses a rounded device to deform the surface of a materialwhose hardness is to be tested.   However   indentations from any object not necessarilyassociated with the hardness testing   are often called brinelling. BRITTLE FRACTURE Brittle fracture is the fracture of a part underload with little or no yielding.   It isa term used in the diagnosis of metal failures in the course of accidentreconstruction. BROAD GAGE (track) When the distance between the heads of the rails isgreater than 4 \' 9.   See narrowgage, standard gage and gage of track. BROWNLINE A print that is brown in color and somewhattransparent, thus allowing additional prints to be made from it. Also known asVan Dyke (tradename) or Sepia. BRUSHED FINISH Fine, directional, disruption of a smooth surface.Usually done on aluminum, stainless steel, chrome plate, but can be simulatedin plastic. BRUSH-PILOT A rough preliminary trace of test results (I.e.,injury criteria). B-TRAINS A combination consisting of a tractor and two semitrailers, the second trailer coupled to the first trailer by use of a fifthwheel, which is mounted directly behind the cargo body on the leadsemi-trailer. btu British thermal unit. BUCKET SEAT Individual seat, often contoured so as to providelateral support. BUCKLE   SWITCH A switch located in the seat belt buckle whichsense the condition of the belts (fastened or unfastened). BUCKLE (BUCKLING) When used in an engineering sense   a structure is laid to buckle whencompressive loads on it cause the structure to exhibit large deflections whichconstitute the failure. BUILDING OR BASE Fixture used to locate underbody assembly sideframe, front end, rear end and roof assembly. BULK FREIGHT Freight not in packages or containers. BULKHEAD A metal or wooden device located on the back of thetractor or on the front of the trailer to keep loads from sifting forward andgoing through cab of tractor.   Sometimescalled a header board. BULKHEAD FLAT A flat car with adjustable bulk heads at each endof the car, used for plywood and wall board ect. BULLSEYE An indentation of the panel surface caused by poordie surface fit. BUMP Displace a junior man (with less seniority) on anexisting position. BUMP STOP   An elasticmember which increases the wheel rate toward the end of the compression travel.The bump stop may also act to limit the compression travel. BUMPER-IMPULSE DETECTOR (BID) A crash detector mounted in the front bumperwhich provides an early ACRS actual signal. BUMPING POST A brace post or block piece at the end of a stubtrack to prevent rolling cars from going off the ends of the rails.   See car stop. BUNCHING The accumulation and tender of cars for loading orunloading in excess of orders or contrary to customary schedules. B UNIT A Diesel unit without a cab and without completeoperating controls.   Usually equippedwith hostler controls for independent operating at terminals. BUNK, LOG Structural cross-members forming bed for logs onlogging truck. BUREAU OF MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY (BMCS) A part of the Federal Highway Administration, whichis one of several administrations within the US. Department of Transportationthat issues the Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs). BURNISHING Burnishing is the reconditioning of brake liningsby repeated stops under controlled conditions. BUS Any motor vehicle designed to carry more than tenpassengers and used for transporting persons, other than a taxi cab, designedto transport persons for compensation. BUSHING A cylindrical metal sleeve inserted into a machinepart for reducing the effect of friction on moving parts or for decreasing thediameter of a hole. BUSTLEBACK Conventional automobile configuration asdifferentiated from a fast-back. Also termed notchback. BUTTRESS The area on a tire between the edge of the treadand the sidewall. References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",135);arrFiles[2]=new Array(3,"C.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary C","","","wd Normal wd 2 1 2003-02-25T02:42:00Z 2003-02-25T02:42:00Z 22 7054 40211 iintegration 335 80 49381 9.2720 C C.G. Center of gravity or point within the length andwidth of a vehicle about which all the vehicle weight is balanced. C/O Carryover CA Distance from back of cab to centerline of rearaxle. CAB The space in a locomotive A unitcontaining the operating controls and providing shelter and seats for theengine crew. CAB CARD Uniform Identification Cab Card in which thevarious State operating authorities and permit stamps are affixed.   Called bingo card by drivers. CAB OVER ENGINE CHASSIS A cab over chassis is very short compared to aconventional or cab forward chassis.   From a side view   the driverposition would be atop or forward of the entwine position   and engine service is achieved by tiltingthe cab to expose the engine. CAB SIGNAL 1) A device located in the cab of the locomotivewhich indicates the condition of the track ahead, whether clear or occupied, bya display of signals. 2) When equipped with automatic train stop... when a cabsignal indication requires a speed reduction and the train is permitted toproceed at a higher speed, an audible warning will sound.   If the engineer does not respond within atime limit by reducing power and making a service brake application, the trainwill automatically stop. CAB-ALONGSIDE-ENGINE A tractor in which the cab is located alongside theengine (abbreviated CAE).   Same ascab-beside-engine. CAB-BEHIND-ENGINE A tractor on which the cab is located behind theengine   a conventional cab. CAB-BESIDE-ENGINE Same as cab-alongside-engine (abbreviated CBE). CABIN An automotive interior compartment. CABOOSE A car which is attached to the rear of freighttrain for the accommodation of the conductor and trainmen as office andquarters while in transit.   Sometimescalled cabin car, way car, hack, shanty, or crummy. CAD Computer Aided Drafting (or Drawing) CAFE RACER A motorcycle with a high performance output and aaerodynamically designed chassis for road racing. CALIPER A caliper as applied to disc brakes   is the non rotational component of a discbrake that straddles the disc and contains the hydraulic components that forcethe frictional material against the brake disc. CALL STATION A person or company that agrees to transactbusiness for a trucking company in a given location, generally a location whereterminal facilities are not ,justified.   Call station handles calls from shippers but usually performs no freighthandling function.   See agent CALLER An employee who notifies train and engine crews andother employee to report for duty. CAM DIE A means of translating the normal vertical motionof a die into horizontal or angular motion through the use of wedges. CAMBER Camber is the angle between the plane of the tireand true vertical. CAMBER ANGLE The inclination of the wheel plane to the vertical.It is considered positive when the wheel leans outward at the top and negativewhen it leans inward. CAMEL BACK BODY Truck body with floor curving downward at the rear. CAMERA-CASE A textured, leather-like finish used in carinteriors, as on a glove box door. The name is derived from the dark-grainedleather used on expensive cameras. CAN \'T MAKE NOTIFICATION A Can \'t Make Notification is initiatedby Preproduction Planning and Control (BAO) for any part(s) released byEngineering which will not be available for the desired effective point (JobNo. 1, mandated date or added starter) at the Assembly plant or to supportrequired functional or training builds. This form is sent to Engineering fordirection as to substitution, rework or omission for the specified units or forthe authorization of premium funds for tooling, overtime or transportation tosupport the desired effective points.   The Program Timing activity routes the Can \'t Make to theaffected Engineering Supervisor for response and follows the response to assurepromptness (48-hour response requirement) and appropriateness of direction andobtains Executive approval and concurrence of the Timing Manager,finally providing expedient delivery to BAO Preproduction. CAPACITY (freight car) The normal load in pounds, cubic feet in gallons,which the car is designed to carry.   These figures are stenciled on the sides of cars. CAPS Cost per Average Pound Saved CAR Every motor vehicle, except motorcycle and motordriven cycles, designed for carrying 10 passengers or less and used for thetransportation or persons. CAR DISTRIBUTOR A individual who is assigned the responsibility ofdistributing empty freight cars. CAR DUMPER A device for quick unloading of bulk material suchas coal or grain.   After being claspedto the rail the car is tilted or rolled to discharge the lading. CAR FLOAT A large flat-bottom boat equipped with tracks onwhich railroad cars are moved in inland waterways. CAR KNOCKER (slang)   Carinspector. CAR LINE A name denoting a family of vehicles within a makewhich has a degree of commonalty in construction such as body, chassis, etc. CAR LINING Material placed on the walls of a car for theprotection of goods.   CAR MILE The movement of a car the distance of onemile.   A term used in statistical data. CAR STOP A device for stopping motion of a car by engagingthe wheels, as distinguished from a bumping post which arrests motion uponcontact with the coupler of a car.   Seebumping post. CARBON MONOXIDE (C0) A colorless, odorless, highly poisonous gas,produced by the incomplete combustion of fuel.   It is usually expelled by the exhaust system. CARBURETOR That part of the gas engine fuel system wheregasoline and air are mixed in controlled proportions. CARD BOARD A small board secured to the outside of a freightcar, on which are tacked cards giving shipping directions or warning ofdangerous lading etc. CARD RACK A small receptacle on the outside of a freight carto receive cards giving shipping directions. CARDAN UNIVERSAL JOINT A non-constant universal joint consisting of twoyokes joined by a cross. CARGO The freight carried by a vehicle. CARGO BARRIER The panel between the luggage compartment and thepassenger compartment at the rear of the rear seat. CARLOAD The quantity of freight required for theapplication of a carload rate. CARLOAD RATE A rate applicable to a car load quantity offreight. CARRIER See motor carrier. CARRIER \'S LIEN Right of a motor carrier to retain property whichft has transported as security for the collect freight charges. CARRYING TRUCK Used for the transportation of the completelywelded body through subsequent operations, metal finish, paint and trim. CARTAGE The charge made for hauling freight. CARTAGE ALLOWANCE: See allowance. CASE   A shell used to hold molds in their properalignment. CASE HARDEN Hardening of outer layer of an iron-base alloythrough heat treatment. CASING The tire structure, excepting tread and sidewallrubber. CAST WHEEL A casting that includes the hub and spokes at theend of which are studs, clamps and nuts that are used to support the rim. CASTER Amount of tilt in fore and aft axis of axle beam. CASTER Forward (or rearward) inclination of kingpin orsupport arm of wheel ; amount of tilt in axle beam. CASTER ANGLE The angle in side elevation between the steeringaxis and the vertical.   It is consideredpositive when the steering axis is inclined rearward (in the upward direction)and negative when the steering axis is inclined forward. CASTER OFFSET The distance in side elevation between the pointwhere the steering axis intersects the ground, and the center of tirecontact.   The offset is consideredpositive when the intersection point is forward of the tire contact center andnegative when it is rearward. CASTING The shape formed by pouring or spraying a plasticor liquid substance into a mold and letting the material harden. Also used todescribe the process itself. CATENARY A system of wires suspended between poles andbridges supporting over contact wires normally energized at 11,000 volts. CATERPILLAR ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN (CAT ET) A diagnostic tool software program for a personal computer (PC). Designed to replace the ECAP service tool for Caterpillar diesel engines. (CAT) CAT ET The acronym for Caterpillar Electronic Technician Software. (CAT) CATWALK A depressed surface, usually between a fender and araised area of the hood or deck. CAUSE The combination of simultaneous and sequentialfactors without any one of which the result could not have occurred.   The result might be a motor-vehicle trafficaccident, or a successful trip. CAUSE ANALYSIS The effort to determine from whatever informationis available, including results of accident reconstruction, why the accidentoccurred, that is, the complete combination of circumstances that caused thehighway transportation system to break down at the time and place of theaccident.   Cause analysis has beenreferred to as determining indirect or conditioncauses.   Level 5 of accidentinvestigation. CCO Climate Control Operations CD 1) Master locating coordination drawing. 2) CastingDivision CEMENT See Portland cement concrete. CENTER DUMP CAR A car which will discharge its entire load betweenthe rails, or wheels. CENTER LINE The plane passing through the center of aheadlight, wheel or the vehicle itself. CENTER OF GRAVITY That point at   which the entire weight of an object   may be considered concentrated; that is, the line of action of thebody \'s weight passes through the center of gravity. CENTER OF MASS The single point within a body that respondsand   is displaced in the same manner asa point mass would respond and be displaced when subjected to the   same external forces.   The force (f) is the product of the mass (m)and the acceleration (Acm) of the center of mass.   Due to the uniform gravitational acceleration (g) acting on thebody, the center of mass and the center of gravity coincide. CENTER OF PARALLEL WHEEL MOTION The center of curvature of the path along whicheach of a pair of wheel centers moves in a longitudinal vertical plane relativeto the sprung mass when both wheels are equally displaced. CENTER OF TIRE CONTACT The intersection of the wheel plane and thevertical projection of the spin axis of the wheel onto the road plane. CENTER PILLAR Box construction used on four-door bodies formingthe front door body lock pillar and rear door body hinge pillar. CENTER PIN OR KING BOLT A large bolt which passes through the center plateson the body bolster and truck bolster.   The truck turns about the bolt, but the stress is taken by the centerplates.   It is, therefore, a mere pinand not a bolt in the usual sense. CENTER PLATE One of a pair of plates which fit one onto theother and which support the car body on the trucks, allowing them to turnfreely under the car.   The center pin orKing bolt passes through both, but does not really serve as a pivot.   The male or body center plate is attached tothe under side of the body bolster.   Thefemale or truck center plate is attached to the top side of the truck bolster. CENTER SILL The center longitudinal member of the under frameof a car which forms, as it were, the back bone of the under frame andtransmits most of the buffing shocks, from one end of the car to theother.   Freight with cushioned underframes use a special type of floating center sill construction.   See cushion under frame. CENTERED FORCE A centered force is directed through the center ofgravity of a vehicle.   The term refersto forces generated by ú collision. CENTERED THRUST A force directed toward the center of a mass of thevehicle or other object in collision. CENTIMETER (CM) A metric measuring unit equal to approximately0.390 inches. CENTRAL COLLISION A collision between two vehicles   or ú vehicle and a fixed object   in which the principle force is directedessentially through the centers of mass of the involved vehicles. CENTRIFUGAL CASTER The unbalance moment about the steering axisproduced by a lateral acceleration equal to gravity acting at the combinedcenter of gravity of all the steerable parts.   It is considered positive if the combined center of gravity is forwardof the steering axis and negative if rearward of the steering axis. CENTRIFUGAL FORCE The force of a body in motion which tends to keepit continuing in the same direction rather than following a curved path. CENTRIFUGAL SKID MARK See yaw mark.   Centrifugal Skid is a tire mark left by a rotating wheel that isslipping sideways parallel to its axle.   The skid mark can vary in width from narrow band to a wide markdepending on the attitude of the vehicle.   The skid mark will normally have striation marks perpendicular oroblique to the direction of the mark and can be left by one or more tires andwill always be in a curve or arc.   Alsoreferred to as yaw mark, critical speed scuffs ant side slip marks. CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION Centripetal acceleration is an acceleration towardthe center of a circle. It is present whenever an object (or vehicle) proceedsalong a circular path.   If an objectproceeds along a curved path which is not a circle there exists the samecentripetal acceleration that would be present if the body were moving on thecircle which best fits the curve.   Chainbinders     A device used to remove slackfrom chains used to tie down loads. CEO Chassis Engineering Office CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY Authority or certificate granted by the InterstateCommerce Commission to common carriers by railroad, motor vehicle, and water tooperate in interstate commerce. CERTIFICATE OF WEIGHT   Anauthoritative statement of the weight of a shipment prepared by a weigh master. CETANE NUMBER Rating applied to ignition properties of dieselfuel   the higher the number, the betterthe ignition quality.   See octanenumber. CHAIN - REACTION ACCIDENT A series of two or more traffic accidents occurringone after another in the same vicinity in such a manner that, after oneaccident has reached a stabilized accident situation, its results contribute tothe occurrence of a subsequent traffic accident.   If there is no clear indication that a stabilized accidentsituation is reached,   the series ofevents is considered to be a single accident, although possibly a multi unitaccident. CHAIN DRIVE Rear axle driven by means of chain belt. CHAMFER A flat surface beveled or angled off from anadjacent surface. CHANGE IN VELOCITY One way if describing the severity of a collisionis to assess the change in velocity which occurs.   Two cars of equal weight each traveling at 30 m.p.h. having ahead-on collision will each have a change in velocity (delta V) of 30 m.p.h.,ignoring any small amount of rebound which may occur.   Similarly, a car hitting a rigid barrier at 30 m.p.h. will have achange in velocity of 30 m.p.h., if rebound is ignored.   Change in velocity can also be used as anassessment of the severity of a blow to the human frame.   Thus contracts by occupants in a frontalcollision can be analyzed in terms of localized changes in velocity separatelyfor the head, the chest and the knees making specific contacts with variousinterior structures. CHANNEL ROCKER Frame-body design where the chassis frame fitsinside of an open rocker panel. CHARACTER LINE A line on the basic shape, resulting in anintersection of planes and sometimes ornamented. CHARACTERISTIC SPEED That forward speed for an understeer vehicle atwhich the steering sensitivity at zero lateral acceleration trim is one-halfthe steering sensitivity of a neutral steer vehicle.   CHARGE AIR COOLING The cooling of engine intake air after compressionby turbocharger. CHARGE IT (Slang)   Allow compressed air to flow into semi-trailer lines. CHASING Steering a tractor while backing so as to cause thetractor to follow (i.e.; chase) along the path of the trailer.Combines with jacking to allow the trailer to be maneuvered alongthe prescribed path.   See ,jacking. CHASSIS The under part of   an automobile, consisting of the frame with axles, brakes, wheels,engine, transmission driveline and exhaust system. CHASSIS COMPONENT AND BODY PACKAGE LAYOUTS Layouts which identify package constraints anddepict chassis components in their proposed environments. (This is the controlpoint for Mechanical Prototype availability.) Chassis drawn to LH side; bodydrawn to RH side. CHEAT To exaggerate an element in a drawing or rendering. CHECK A BLOCK Seal totally squashed and door doesn \'t close. CHECK VALVE Device to automatically isolate one part of airbrake system from another.   A one-waycheck valve provides free air flow in one direction only.   A two-way check valve permits actuation ofthe brake system by either of two brake application valves CHECKING FIXTURE A tool used to qualify the accuracy of a productionstamping. Also used extensively in die tryout to indicate necessary toolcorrections. CHEST LOADS The accelerative forces (measured inG \'s or S.I.) which are applied to the center of gravityof the upper thorax. CHILD CAR SEAT A portable seat placed in a vehicle to providerestraint for small children and infants. CHIP A short, deep gouge; a hole in pavement made by astrong, sharp, pointed metal object under great pressure, usually withoutstriations. CHMSL Center High Mounted Stop Light CHOP A broad, shallow gouge, even and regular on thedeeper side and terminating in scratches and striations on the opposite,shallower side; a depression in pavement made by strong, sharp metal edgemoving sidewise under heavy pressure. CHOPPER A customized motorcycle in which the front wheelhas been chopped off and extended forward. CHORD (c): A line drawn between two points on thecircumference of a circle.   A chord isnever greater than the diameter of a circle of which the arc is a part. CIRCUIT (ELECTRICAL) A path through which electrical current canflow.   A closed circuit provides a continuous,unbroken path from a current source through various current consuming devicesback to the source (or a common ground;).   An open circuit occurs when the current path is interrupted or brokeneither by an open switch or relay or by a broken wire or loose connection.   A short circuit occurs when a damaged orloose wire accidentally touches another damaged wire or some other conductivematerial.   Current then takes a shortcut to ground, bypassing part of its normal path.   See grounded circuit, CIRCUIT BREAKER A device that automatically interrupts the flow ofan electric current when the current becomes excessive. CIRCUITOUS ROUTE An indirect route. CIRCUS LOADING A means of loading highway trailers by moving themover the ends of the cars. CKD Completely Knocked down, or disassembled. CLADDING Large injection molded, plastic part attached tolower section of door for protection and design. CLAIM (1) A demand for payment to compensate for freightdamage that is supposed to have occurred while the cargo was in the hands ofthe carrier   (2) A demand for refund ofan overcharge.   See overcharge. CLAIM AGENT An employee who adjusts or settles claims madeagainst his company. CLAIM TRACER A request for information concerning the status ofa claim. CLAIMANT Person or company filing a claim. CLAMSHELL TAILGATE Refers to the station wagon tailgate design wheregate slides into the underbody and backlight slides into roof for access to thecargo area. CLASS A Show surface. CLASS B Exposed when door opens. CLASS C Totally hidden. CLASS I MOTOR CARRIERS Carriers having average gross operating revenues(including interstate and intrastate) of 55 million or more per year. CLASS II MOTOR CARRIERS Carriers having average gross operas trig revenues(including interstate and intrastate) between 1 to 5 million per year. CLASS III MOTOR CARRIERS Carriers having average annual gross operatingrevenues (including interstate and intrastate) of less than l million peryear. CLASSIFICATION (FREIGHT) A publication containing a list of articles and theclasses to which they are assigned for the purpose of applying class ratestogether with governing rules and regulations. CLASSIFICATION RATING The class to which an article of freight isassigned for the purpose of applying class rates. CLASSIFICATION YARD A yard where cars are grouped according the theirdestinations and made ready for proper train movement. CLAY APPROVAL Approval by the Vice-President of the affectedVehicle Group, of the visible attributes of the proposed vehicle. This isaccomplished by viewing physical properties, normally constructed in clay andbuilt in the Design Center (Styling). (Normally 24 months prior to Job #1.) CLAY BUCK Same as armature. CLAY SQUEEZE An impression made by forcing soft clay on anobject. CLEAN BILL OF LADING A bill of lading signed by the carrier for receiptof merchandise in good condition (no damage, loss, etc. apparent), and whichdoes not bear such notation as shipper \'s load and count. CLEAN BORE TANK A single tank without compartments inside. CLEAR RECORD A record which shows that a shipment was handledwithout loss as damage. CLEARANCE LIGHTS The small lights that outline a vehicle \'s lengthand breadth.   The lamps at the front andsides are amber those visible from the rear are red.   Also called marker or running lights.   Also see identification lights.   Required by the FMCSR. on vehicles 8O inches or more in width. CLEARANCE OR CLEARANCE LIMIT The limiting dimensions of height and width forcars in order that they may safely clear all bridges, tunnels, stationplatforms and other structures as well as equipment on adjacent tracks. CLEARING HOUSE An organization set up to process and collect billsfor participating trucking companies. CLEAT A strip of wood or metal used for additionalstrength   to prevent warping   or to hold something in position. CLO Centerline of Occupant. CLOCKWISE Rotation in the same direction as the hands of aclock. CLOSING VELOCITY The velocity of approach of two vehicles (measuredat each center of gravity) taken along a line between the centers at initialcontact. CLUTCH The part of the power train that allows the driverto connect the engine to the wheels. CLUTCH SWITCH Switch on the clutch pedal that disables cruise control when the clutch is applied. ( Detroit ) CMVSS Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards COACH JOINT The butting of two pieces of metal, welding orbolting to right-angle flanges. COAL CAR A car for carrying coal, usually a hopper car. Coasting Driving Time when the engine is disengaged from the vehicle ( Detroit ) Coasting Percentage Coasting Time divided by Driving Time ( Detroit ) Coasting Time The condition when Vehicle Speed is greater than 40 mph and Engine Speed is less than 40% of maximum rated RPM. ( Detroit ) COBBLED Production car with experimental or designcomponents added or substituted. Often used to describe a component or modelput together quickly. COD See collect shipment. CODE X BODY A partial vehicle assembled of major body panels,mechanically joined and certified to be within design tolerances. The assemblyis generally in a blue-buck mode with body design gridlines scribed on the surface sheet metal to aid in controlling the assemblyaccuracy. The Code X assembly is used to check the vehicle design and itsassembly feasibility. COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (dynamic):   A number representing the resistance to sliding of two surfaces incontact; the drag factor of a vehicle or other object sliding on a roadway orother surface which is level; the force parallel to a surface required to keepin motion an object sliding on that surface, divided by the force of the objectagainst that surface; measured in pounds per pound; often designated by theGreek letter Mu. COEFFICIENT OF KINETIC FRICTION (uk):   Defined as the friction force (f) divided by the normal force (y) of onesurface sliding across another at a constant speed. COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION The coefficient of restitution is a measure of thedegree to which the total kinetic energy of two vehicles in a collusion isdissipated by the collision;   The ratio ofthe rebound velocity to the impact velocity of two objects and measures theamount of bounce.   When two cars collidethey may bounce apart with no deformation (coefficient = 1.0) or they maydeform to a given extent (coefficient § 1).   The difference between the dynamic crush and static crush COR = [DYN CR- STA CR].   The measured values aretypically between 10 and 20 percent. COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION (us):   Defined as the critical friction force (fc) divided by the normal force(y),   where fc is the friction forcewhen the object is on the verge of sliding. COIL SPRING Spring stock coiled in cylindrical form. COKE BOTTLE A double swell in the plan view contour. Lookingdirectly down on a car, the body is narrower in the middle section than overthe front and rear wheels. COKE RACK A slatted frame or box applied above the sides andends of gondola or hopper cars to increase the cubic capacity for the purposeof carrying coke or other freight in which the bulk is large relative to theweight. COLD DEVELOPMENT The development of a pattern blank by unfoldingflanged and warped surfaces using paper, tape and the wood model. COLLECT SHIPMENT A shipment where collection of freight charges andadvances are made by the delivering carrier upon delivery.   Abbreviated as cod and commonly called CODby truckers. COLLINEAR COLLISION A collision between two objects in which theirrespective directions of travel are parallel to one another. COLLISION The coming together of two bodies resulting in anabrupt change in motion of at least one of the bodies. COLLISION COURSE Motion of a traffic unit or other object which, ifcontinued without modification, will result in collision with another trafficunit or other object.   Objects are on acollision course if the space between them is diminishing and the angle betweenthe path of either an a line between them is consistent. COLLISION SCRUB Skid marks-left by wheels momentarily kept fromrotating by forces of collision.   Themarks are usually not more than 10 feet in length in same direction collisionsthey tend to belong and straight.   Inopposite direction collisions they are likely to be short and curved.   They indicate the movement of the tire onthe road during encasement (impact) between the vehicle and some other object. COLLISIONS - ELASTIC A central collision between two bodies in which nopermanent deformation takes place and both momentum and kinetic energy areconserved. COLLISIONS - INELASTIC A central collision between two bodies in whichthere is permanent deformation.   Momentum is conserved   kineticenergy is not. COLUMN PRESS An upright press open at the front and back withstraight sides at the ends of the bed. COMBINATION Truck coupled to one or more trailers. COMBINATION RATE A freight rate made through rates by combining twoor more rates published in different tariffs. COMBINATION THROUGH RATE A through rate made by combining two or more ratespublished in different tariffs. COMBINATION VEHICLE A truck or truck-tractor coupled to one or ,moretrailers, also referred to as a rig.   See rig. COMBINED VELOCITY (vc):   Theresult of integrating the velocities of a   series of events to obtain the starting or initial velocity. COMBUSTIBLE Able to catch fire and burn easily. COMBUSTION Burning. COMMODITY Any article of commerce.   Goods shipped. COMMODITY, EXEMPT One that may be transported in interstate commercewithout operating authority or published rates. COMMON CARRIER A transportation business that offers service tothe general public.   Interstate commoncarriers must hold a franchise issued by the Interstate CommerceCommission.   This franchise limitsservice to a specific geographical area.   Rates also are regulated.   Routesand schedules of regular common carriers are regulated by government agencies,but irregular route common carriers may set their own without regulatoryapproval.   Most states also regulatecommon carriers. COMMON CENTER OF MASS In any collision the common center of mass isunaffected by the collision. The common center of mass will still be moving atthe same speed and direction after collision as it hat prior to collision. COMMON VELOCITY That velocity achieved by some point on bothvehicles at some time during the impact, often referred to as the velocityachieved by both vehicles when both centers of mass are moving at the samevelocity. COMPANION FLANGE Circular flanged plate connecting driveshaft withtransmission or axle. COMPARTMENT TANK CAR A tank car with the tank body divided into severalsections for the purpose of carrying different commodities in each compartmentor smaller shipments. COMPARTMENTIZER CAR A box car equipped with moveable bulkheads whichcan be used to divide the car into separate compartments. COMPATIBILITY The characteristic of a particular motor vehiclewhich determines the degree to which protection is achieved for occupants inthat vehicle and for occupants in all other vehicles with which that vehiclemay collide, and for pedestrians and cyclist which may collide with thatvehicle. COMPLETE COLLISION A complete collision occurs when motion momentarilyceases between some areas of the colliding objects while they are in contactwith one another. COMPLEX DAMPING Damping in which the force opposing the vibratorymotion is variable, but not proportional to the velocity. COMPLEX REACTION A choice between two or more possible reactions toan unexpected hazard. COMPLEX REACTION TIME Complex reaction time is that reaction timedetermined in cases where there are multiple stimuli each with its ownresponse.   In these multiple choicesituations, where the stimulus may be simple but the number of choices is greatthe reaction time increases with the number of choices.   Complex reaction time is also known asdisjunctive reaction time. COMPLEXITY Complexity, as used in BEPE, refers to the numberof BAO-Assembly end items (including major parts and standard parts) that arerequired to build Vehicle Line-up; the effect of color components isincorporated. Complexity estimates are initially obtained from detailedanalysis of Redbook assumptions and are later modified by Product/Engineering Letterprogram actions. COMPLIANCE CHAMBER The camber motion of a wheel resulting fromcompliance in suspension linkages and produced by forces and/or moments appliedat the tire-road contact. COMPLIANCE CHAMBER COEFFICIENT The rate of change in wheel inclination angle withrespect to change in forces or moments applied at the tire-road contact. COMPLIANCE STEER The change in steer angle of front or rear wheelsresulting from compliance in suspension and steering linkages and produced byforces and/or moments applied at the tire-road contact. COMPLIANCE STEER COEFFICIENT The rate of change in compliance steer with respectto change in forces or moments applied at the tire-road contact. COMPLIANCE UNDERSTEER Compliance steer which increases vehicle understeeror increases vehicle oversteer. COMPONENT A single-function unit, such as a transmission. COMPONENT DESIGN Is the activity having responsibility for, but notlimited to, the design of specific single components; this includes theresponsibility for materials, cost, weight, reliability, durability, function,appearance, serviceability and ease of manufacture, consistent with pertinentspecifications and timing and financial objectives. COMPONENT TEST VEHICLE Is basically current production, revised, modified,or reworked in certain areas to incorporate on e or more components which arethe design responsibility of the PEO initiating the test. These areintended for initial testing and development on advance programs prior todesign and procurement of complete mating parts. COMPOSITE DEVELOPMENT VEHICLE Includes a component(s) being developed by a PEOfor which mating components designed by one ore more other PEO are required. COMPRESSION The relative displacement of sprung and unsprungmasses in the suspension system in which the distance between the massesdecreases from that at static condition. COMPRESSION RATIO Volume of air above the piston at bottom deadcenter compared with volume of air at top dead center. COMPRESSION STROKE A phase of the four-stroke cycle when the air-fuelmix is compressed. COMPRESSOR See air compressor. COMPWCS Comprehensive Weight Control   System CONCEALED DAMAGE A damage to the contents of a package which isapparently in good condition externally. CONCEALED LOSS Loss or damage that cannot be determined until thepackage is opened. CONCENTRIC Having a common center. CONCEPT VEHICLE A current production vehicle modified to acceptinstallation of new design concepts for evaluation of environmental functionalfeasibility. Components used for this purpose may be handmade or produced frompreliminary experimental tools and need not be dimensionally compatible withthe final intent. CONCRETE A paving material consisting of an aggregate ofstones of assorted sizes held together with a cement binder; bituminousconcrete, Portland cement concrete. CONDENSER An element usually found in the distributor (ingasoline engine ignition systems) that stores electricity for a short period oftime. CONDITIONS FACTORS Deficiencies in basic attributes of roads,vehicles, or people, as related to highway transportation and permanently ortemporarily modified, that contribute to operational factors. CONDUCTOR A train service employee in charge of train or yardcrew.   Also called yard Foreman. CONFLICTING ROUTES Two or more routes over which movements can not bemade simultaneously without possibility of collision. CONNECTING CARRIER Motor carriers which interchange trailers withanother for completion of shipments. CONNECTING ROD Rod that connects the piston to the crankshaft. CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM If the net torque (t) on a body remains constant,its angular momentum will remain constant in magnitude and direction   Angular momentum has magnitude (iw) and isdirected along the axis of rotation. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY The principal of physics stating that the amount ofenergy in a closed system is constant regardless of the changes in form of thatenergy.   Used in accident investigationin estimating vehicle speed from the distance required to slide to a stop andother applications, such as speed from damage. CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM If the resultant external force acting on a systemof bodies is zero (0), the vector sum of the moments of the objects will remainconstant.   In collision, the vector sumof the moments just prior to impact equals the sum of the moments just afterimpact. CONSIGN To send or address goods to another. CONSIGNEE One to whom something is shipped. CONSIGNEE MARKS A symbol placed on packages for export, consistingof such things as a square, triangle, diamond circle, cross, etc. with designedletters and or numbers for the purpose of identification. CONSIGNMENT A shipment. CONSIGNOR The person by who articles are shipped (also knownas the shipper). CONSIST The make up of a freight train in terms of cartypes. CONSPICUITY Ability to be easily seen or noticed, readilyobservable. Attracting special attention as by outstanding qualities. CONSTANT MESH Transmission gears which are constantly in mesh. CONSTANT-VELOCITY UNIVERSAL JOINT A universal joint which transmits rotation withconstant velocity between output and input shafts. CONSTRUCTIVE PLACEMENT When, due to some disability on the part of theconsignor or consignee, a car can not be placed for loading or unloading, it isconsidered as being under constructive placement and subject to demurrage rulesand charges, the same as if it were actually placed. CONTACT DAMAGE Deformation or defacement resulting from directpressure of another object or surface in an impact, direct damage, Compare withinduced damage. CONTACT PATCH The portion of the tire that is in contact with theroad surface.   Also called the tire footprint. CONTAINER Anything in which articles are packed. CONTAINER (VAN BODY TYPE) A truck or trailer body provided with means forready removal from and attachment to a vehicle. CONTAINER CAR A flat of open top car such as a gondola on which containersof freight are loaded. CONTAINERIZATION Shipping system based upon large cargo-carryingcontainers that easily can be interchanged between trucks, trains and shipswithout re handling the contents. CONTINUOUS SEAL A term denoting that the seals on a truck remainedintact during the movement of the truck from origin to destination   or, if broken in transit, that it was doneby proper authority and without opportunity for loss to occur before new sealswere applied. CONTRABAND Illegal or prohibited traffic or freight. CONTRACT CARRIER A company that engages in for hire transportationof property under individual contract or agreement with one or a limited numberof shippers. CONTROL (air line;   See air lines) CONTROL POINT A location where the signals and / or switches of atraffic control system are operated and /or controlled from a distant locationby a dispatched. CONTROLLED FINAL POSITION A final position reached because of a consciouseffort of some person to modify the motion of a traffic unit after an accident. CONTROLLED SIDING A siding, the use of which is governed by signalsunder the control of a train dispatcher or operator. CONTROLLED STOP The ability to retard the vehicle(s) to a completestop from any speed without wheel hop, chatter or lockup. CONVENTIONAL TRUCK CHASSIS In a conventional truck chassis, the engine islocated forward of the driver position, and the chassis style is characterizedby a long hood over the engine. CONVERTER Hydraulic-type clutch multiplying the torque of theengine in infinitely variable ratios. CONVERTER GEAR OR DOLLY The coupling device composed of one or two axlesand a fifth wheel by which a semi trailer can be coupled to the rear of atractor-trailer combination, forming a double-bottom rig. CONVERTIBLE A truck or trailer that can be used either as aflat-bed or open top by means of removable side panels. CONVERTIBLE BOOT A covering usually held in place with snapfasteners, over the folded-down soft top. CONVERTIBLE STACK That part of a convertible top which projects abovethe beltline or deck when the top is folded down. CONVEX MIRROR A type of mirror having a convex shape in order toshow a larger field of view than can be obtained from a flat mirror of the samesize. COOLANT Liquid used in cooling system to dissipate engineheat. COORDINATE MEASUREMENTS A method of locating any spot in an area by twomeasurements from the nearest point to the spot on a specified reference line;1) the distance and direction from that point to the spot and 2) the distanceand direction from that point to a specified reference point on the referenceline. COPE Upper section of flask used in casting metal. CORD SEPARATION Cord separation occurs when tire cords part fromadjacent rubber compounds. CORDS Cords are the strand forming the plies in the tire. CORE On a radiator, a tubular fin structure acting as aheat exchanger for engine cooling fluids. CORNERED A term used when a car has been struck by anothercar because it was not in the clear.   See In the clear. CORNERING LIMIT The maximum lateral acceleration at given speed. CORNFIELD MEET Head-on collision between two trains using the samemain track. COS/MOS Complimentary-metal oxide semiconductor, a type ofintegrated circuit logic which employs field effect transistors. COULOMB DAMPING   Damping inwhich a constant force opposes the vibratory motion. COUNTER STEER The application of a steer torque in the directionopposite to that in which the vehicle is turning, or in the direction in whicha turn is intended. COUNTERCLOCKWISE Direction in opposite direction to the hands of aclock. COUPLER An appliance for connecting cars or locomotivestogether.   Government regulationsrequire that these must couple automatically by impact and must be uncoupledwithout going between the cars. COUPLER CENTERING DEVICE An arrangement for maintaining the coupler normallyin the center line of draft but allowing it to move to either side when a caris rounding a curve while coupled to another car. COUPLER KNUCKLE LOCK The block which drops into position when theknuckle closes and holds it in place, preventing uncoupling. COUPLER LOCK LIFTER The part of the mechanism inside the coupler headwhich is moved by the uncoupling rod and, in moving, lifts the knuckle lock sothat the knuckle can open. COURSE ANGLE (v)   is theangle between the trace of the vehicle velocity vector on the X-Y plane andX-axis of the earth-fixed axis system. COVER A trim panel which protects the ACRS module untilsystem actuation and then opens, permitting the cushions to deploy. COVERED GONDOLAS Gondolas which have been equipped with some form ofremovable cover which can be placed over the lading to protect it from weatherexposure in transit.   Used primarily forloading sheet steel in coils or bundles without the necessity of packing. COVERED HOPPER CAR A hopper car with a permanent roof, roof hatchesand bottom opening for unloading.   Usedfor carrying cement or other bulk commodities. COWL The cowl is that portion of an automobile betweenthe engine compartment and the driver.   Thecowl ordinarily contains the instrumentation which is visible to the driver. Cp (Process Potential Index) is an index which is theratio of the tolerance range to the six sigma process spread without regard tothe location of the data. C PILLAR Third pillar in roof, counting from the front. Cpk (Process Capability Index) An index which considersboth the process spread and the proximity of the process spread tospecification limits. CPM (Component Parts Manufacturers) Tier I andII customer accounts that supply component parts to the automotiveindustry. CPV Capacity Planning Volume CR/CR (Concern Report/Change Request) is the system forreporting and resolving concerns throughout Ford operations. CRAMP ANGLE Maximum turn of steering wheels in eitherdirection, measured in degrees. CRANK PRESS A crank shaft actuated mechanical press of singleaction. May be solid or equipped with air cushions for secondary action. CRANKCASE VENTILATION Vent system for crankcase, provides for burning ofoil vapor rather than exhausting to atmosphere. CRANKSHAFT A shaft within the engine having one or more cranksfor transmitting motion   the connectingrods transmit motion between the pistons and the crankshaft. CRASH BARS Metal tubing mounted to the frame to protectoccupants if an upset occurs. CRASH III A computer program developed by Calspan Corporationunder the sponsorship of NHTSA to aid in accident investigation andreconstruction.   CRASH   Calspan Reconstruction of Accident Speeds onthe Highway. CRASH RECORDER A device which records crash levels and improperACRS maintenance. It is attached to the sensor. CRASH SENSOR A device which detects an impact, judges itsseverity, and if ACRS deployment threshold is reached, provides an actuationsignal to the inflator. CREASE LINE Discernible line in the body exterior skin causedby an abrupt change in surface. CREEPER GEAR (slang)   Lowest gear or combination of gears used for extra power. CREST An ornamental device. The hallmark of a car line,series or body style, usually in stylized heraldic shield shape. CREW General term used to describe the individualsworking together as a unit, such as train crew. CRIB That portion of ballast between two adjacent ties. CRITICAL DAMPING The minimum amount of viscous damping required in alinear system to prevent the displacement of the system from passing theequilibrium position upon returning from an initial displacement. CRITICAL SLIP Critical Slip is the wheel slip at which a tiredevelops its maximum brake or drive slip resistance.   See Slip. CRITICAL SLIP ANGLE Critical Slip angle refers to the angle at which atire develops its maximum cornering slip resistance.   See Slip Angle. CRITICAL SPEED The term Critical Speed means themaximum speed at which a vehicle can negotiate a curve, 2. That forward speedfor an oversteer vehicle at which the steering sensitivity at zero lateralacceleration trim is infinite. CRITICAL SPEED SCUFFS See Centrifugal Skid Mark. CRITICAL VELOCITY A velocity above which a particular highway curve,or a curve demanded by the driver, could be negotiated by a motor vehiclewithout a yaw; the speed at which the centrifugal force of a vehicle followinga specific curve exceeds the traction force of the tires on the surface. CROOK An abrupt change of direction of a tire mark due tocollision forces.   The crook oftenindicates the position of a tire at first contact. CROSS SLOPE ( see Super elevation) CROSS TIE The transverse member of the track structure towhich the rails are spiked to provide proper gage and to cushion, distribute,and transmit the stresses of traffic through the ballast to the roadbed. CROSSING (track) A structure used where one track crosses another atgrade, and consisting of four connected frogs. CROSS-MEMBER Structural shape tying in side rails of frame. CROSSOVER Two turnouts with track between, connecting twonearby and usually parallel tracks. CROWN ROADWAY The amount by which the center of a roadway ishigher than the edge, usually for drainage purposes. CROWSFEET Visible lines of distortion radiatingintermittently along a flanged break line or offset. CRUISE SPEED 90% of maximum geared speed. CRUISE Operation where the Vehicle Speed is controlled by the cruise control routine. ( Detroit ) CRUISE ECONOMY Cruise Distance divided by Cruise Fuel. ( Detroit ) CRUISE FUEL Fuel consumed during cruise control operation. ( Detroit ) CRUISE PERCENT Trip Cruise Time divided by Driving Time. ( Detroit ) CRUISE TIME Time accumulated during cruise control, in HH:MM:SS format. ( Detroit ) CRUSH DISTANCE Crush distance is the amount of permanentdeformation which a vehicle, or object, experiences as a result of impact.   The crush distance is measured from theoriginal bodyline to the damaged area. CRUSH ENERGY The amount of energy used up in crushing the vehiclestructure in a collision. CRYOGENIC LIQUID A refrigerated liquefied gas having a boiling pointcolder than 130 F (54.4 C). CS (Characteristic Standard) Engineering standardswhich include a complete listing of safety/emission inspection/test and generalcharacteristics of a component group. (Chrysler derived) CSA Cross section area used for costing mass estimate. CSM Cold splice mitre corner glued. CTC (Concept to Customer) Ford new product developmentcycle timing plan that established benchmarks for significant productdevelopment events within a 48 hour period. CTL Cut to length. CTLN Cut to length and notch. CUBE Three-dimensional representation of the allowabledimensions of a vehicle under development. Also a grouping of exterior die modelsarranged in their proper position to check continuity of surfaces. CUBIC CAPACITY The carrying capacity of a truck measured in cubicfeet. CUBIC CENTIMETER A metric volume measurement (CC) equal toapproximately 0.061 cubic inches. CUBIC FOOT A common measure of the capacity of a truck, 1,728cubic inches. CUBING OUT Utilizing full cargo space provided by truck ortrailer body or container. CURB HEIGHT Height of the vehicle without passengers or trunkload. CURB WEIGHT Curb weight is the weight of a motor vehicle withstandard equipment maximum capacity of engine fuel, oil, and coolant: and if soequipped, air conditioning and additional weight of optional engine. CURING A stage required by some synthetic materials,notably Fiberglass, after forming and before further use. CURRENT Flow of electrical energy. CURRENT OF TRAFFIC The movement of trains on a track in designateddirection specified in the time table. CURRENT REGULATOR A device that controls the amperage output of agenerator. CUSHION UNDER FRAME A term commonly used to designate the frame work ofa rail way car which is designed to prevent the shocks and impact stresses fromdamaging the car structure or its lading.   The principle involved is the application of a center sill member whichis detached and permitted to travel longitudinally in either direction throughthe bolster cross bearings and end sills.   This travel is resiliently or hydraulically resistant and controlled byhigh capacity cushion gears located within the center sills. CUSTOM HOUSE The governments office where duties, tolls, import,or export taxes are paid. CUT 1) To uncouple a car. 2) A group of cars coupledtogether. 3) The part of the right away which is excavated out of a hill ormountain instead of running up over it or being tunneled through it. CUTLINE A groove etched in a clay model to represent adoor, hood, or decklid opening. CUTOUT COCK (air brake) A valve which, when closed, will bypass or cutoutthe brake system for that car. The closing of this valve does not interferewith the operation of the brakes on the other cars in the train. CUTOUT RELAY A magnetic switch used to open and close theelectric circuit between the battery and the generator. CV WINDOW Controlled Ventilation. A movable glass panedirectly aft of the A pillar and separate from the side window. CYCLE 1) Cycle of oscillation is the complete sequence ofvariations in displacement which occur during a period. 2) Calendar Year References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",216);arrFiles[3]=new Array(4,"D.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary D","","","wd Normal wd 2 1 2003-02-25T02:42:00Z 2003-02-25T02:42:00Z 12 3738 21308 iintegration 177 42 26167 9.2720 D D RELEASE End of Phase I production to release. DAISY SLED A test sled which is decelerated to simulate acrash condition (see Holloman tests). DAMAGE FREE CAR Car equipped with special bracing devices todecrease the possibility of damage to lading.   Usually called DF car. DAMPED Damped systems are those in which energy isdissipated by forces opposing the vibratory motion.   Any means associated with a vibrating system to balance ormodulate exciting forces will reduce the vibratory motion, but are notconsidered to be in the same category as damping.   The latter term is applied to an inherent characteristic of thesystem without reference to the nature of the excitation. DAMPING DEVICES As distinct from specific types of damping, dampingdevices refer to the actual mechanisms used to obtain damping of suspensionsystems. DAMPING RATIO The ratio of the amount of viscous damping presentin a system to that required for critical damping. DASHBOARD A board on the fore part of a buggy or othervehicle to intercept water, mud or snow. Sometimes used, incorrectly, as asynonym for instrument panel. DC Direct current DDEC Detroit Diesel Electronic Controls. ( Detroit ) DEAD AXLE An un-powered axle used to increase the legalweight capacity of a vehicle. DEAD RAIL A second set of tracks over a scale used when carsare not being weighed. DEADHEAD 1) Fireman \'s term for brakeman.   2) Employee riding on a company pass or oncompany business. 3) Train and / or engine crew moved without performingservice, from one terminal to another at railroad convenience and for whichthey are paid. DEAD-HEADING Running empty, without cargo. DEADMAN A buried timber, log or beam designed as an anchorto which a guy wire or cable is fastened to support a structure, as a wood orsteel column, derrick or mast. DEADMAN CONTROL A foot pedal or brake valve which must be kept in adepressed position while the locomotive is operating.   A release from this depressed position initiates an air brakeapplication after a short time delay. DEBRIS Any accumulation of broken and detachedmatter.   Debris can be left in a pile orscattered over a large area.   Usually apoor indicator of area of impact but can sometimes be an indicator of velocityand direction of travel. DECAL (Decalcomania) A decorative or informative transfersheet used for wood graining, labeling, etc. DECELERATION: Negative acceleration. DECIBEL (dB) Measures the intensity (loudness) of sound. DECISION Determination of what action to take afterperceiving a situation; choice of driving strategies or evasive tactics. DECK Floor of locomotive cab or cars. DECKLID A hinged panel providing access to the luggagecompartment. DEFECT CARD RECEPTACLE A small metal container, placed underneath the carfor protection from the weather, in which defect cards are placed. DEFENSIVE DRIVING Driving in a way that avoids conflicts that may becaused by the mistakes of others while making no mistakes yourself. DEFLECTION (static)   The radial difference between the undeflected tire radius and the staticloaded radius, under specified loads and inflation. DEFLECTION RATE Generally refers to rate of spring deflection ininches per 1000 lb. DEFORMATION The alteration of form or shape, as a result ofcollision. DEGREE OF CURVE The number of degrees of central angle subtended byan arc of 100 feet on the circumference; 5730 feet. Divided by the degree of acurve equals the radius the curve. DEGREE OF FREEDOM The number of degrees of freedom of a vibratingsystem is the sum total of all ways in which the masses of the system can beindependently displaced from their respective equilibrium positions.    Examples :   A single rigid body constrained to move only vertically onsupporting springs is a system of one degree of freedom.   If the same mass is also permitted angulardisplacement in one vertical plane, it has two degrees of freedom; one beingvertical displacement of the center of gravity; the other, angular displacementabout the center of gravity. DELAYED PERCEPTION Delayed perception is a phrase which expresses thefact that the point of actual perception does not coincide with the point ofpossible perception, but rather, actual perception is delayed owning to driverinattentiveness.   Delayed perceptiondoes not include reaction time. DELIVERING CARRIER 1) The carrier which delivers a shipment to theconsignee. 2) The transportation company that delivers a shipment. DELIVERY The act of transferring possession of ashipment.   This could be from consignorto carrier, one carrier to another or carrier to consignee. DEMOUNTABLE RIM A rim with valve locaters which is used with a castspoke wheel to provide the method of attaching tires to the vehicle. DEMURRAGE detention of a freight vehicle or container beyonda stipulated time.   Also the paymentmade for such delay. DENSITY The weight of an article per cubic foot.   The ratio of mass to bulk or volume. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (DOT) The federal agency responsible for theadministration of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.   See Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety. DEPLOYMENT THRESHOLD The level of crash severity at which ACRS systemactuation should occur. DEPOSIT An imprint consisting of material deposited on theroad surface from tire grooves.   Sometimes found where a tire stops sliding. DEPOSITION Pre trial questioning of witness, under oath,subject to cross examination for the purpose of discovering evidence orperpetuating testimony; a document in which a deposition is recorded. DEPRESSED CENTER FLAT CAR A flat car with the section of the floor betweenthe trucks depressed to permit loading of high shipments within over headclearance limits.   Also called a wellflat. DEPTH OF FIELD The range or distance from the nearest object tothe farthest object in a scene that must be clear in a photograph; desired zoneof sharpness. DEPTH OF FOCUS The range of distances which are in acceptablysharp focus for any lens setting; the effective area of sharpness. DEPTH PERCEPTION The ability to Judge distances. DERAIL A track safety device designed to guide a car offthe rails at a selected spot as means of protection against collision or otheraccidents; commonly used on spurs or sidings to prevent cars from fouling themain line. DESCRIPTION Designation of an object, a condition, or an eventaccording to the appropriate category in each of a number of classifications. DESIGN AID A full size model of a vehicle, or portion thereof,with components simulated of the most practical materials (wood, plastic,etc.). This is the first three-dimensional representation of designs (well inadvance of prototype vehicles) and is updated with facsimiles of the latestdesigns until prototype or design check vehicles are available. One of theprime objectives of the design aid is to provide design visibility to promoteearly design concurrence between the various areas. Another prime objective isto provide a mock-up where wiring harness routing and component location can beexperimentally determined. DESIGN CHECK VEHICLE An experimentally assembled vehicle consisting ofprototype and current production material. This vehicle, or portion thereof, isused for the design check of components for fit, clearance and functions notrequiring the total operation of the vehicle. All RPOs and accessories are alsoincluded as port of the design check vehicle specifications. It is the intentthat these vehicles will provide the affected design activities with thevisibility required for the determination and investigation of design discrepanciesand potential production and service problems. DESTINATION The plies to which a shipment is to be delivered. DETAILED STATEMENT A concise written summary of what a particularperson has to say about a traffic accident or circumstances connected withit.   A detailed statement is usually nota verbatim report of the information obtained from an informant. DETECTOR A switch used in the ACRS sensor assembly whichresponds to G forces. DETENTION See demurrage. DETONATION Sharp knock resulting from too rapid burning offuel charge in combustion chamber. DETONATOR An   electronically actuated percussive device (I.e. to open the ACRSinflator valve). DFA Design for Assembly - Design to make assemblyeasier. DFMA (Design for Manufacture and Assembly) is thepursuit of product simplification by evaluating and improving products in thedesign stage. Part features which affect ease of assembly, cost andproductivity. DFMEA (Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) is adisciplined analysis of the part design with the intent to identify and correctany known or potential failure modes before the first production runs occur. DIAG RECORDS Diag Records indicates the count of Diagnostic Trouble Codes that became active during the trip. ( Detroit ) DIAGNOSTICS Electronic means of checking ACRS system electricalcontinuity and inflator pressure. DIE Mating metal part containing desired formimpressions. DIE CAST Forcing molten metal into steel die to formcasting. DIE MODEL A three-dimensional representation made of hardwood from approved engineering drawings and aluminum templates. DIESEL Commonly referred to as diesel-powered vehicle. DIESEL ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE A locomotive in which one or more diesel enginesdrive electric generators which in turn supply electric motors (usually seriesD.C.) which are geared to the driving axles. DIESEL ENGINE An internal combustion engine that uses compressionto raise air temperature to the igniting point, whereas fuel is ignited by aspark in a gasoline engine. DIFFERENTIAL The part of the power train that permits one wheelto turn at a different rate of speed from the other, as occurs when goingaround a turn. DIFFERENTIAL LOCK, INTERAXLE TYPE Used on twin-screw tractors, this valve can be setto lock both rear axles together so that they pull as one for off-the-roadoperation.   Never used for over-the-roadoperation. DIFFUSER A tube with slotted ports to distribute theinflating gas into the air cushions. DILUTION To render more liquid or weaken solution. DINKY (slang) A small engine used around round house orback shops for switching. DI-NOC Trade name for a decal material consisting of threelayers - decal, glue and paper. The outer portion can be painted with a specialelasticized paint. When applied to the surface of a model, the Di-Noc is firstsoaked in warm water. The wet paper backing is separated from the decal, whichtakes the form of the clay surface and gives the model the effect of a paintedcar. DIRECT CURRENT Electrical current that always flows in onedirection only and is the type used in automotive equipment. DIRECT DAMAGE Is the definition associated with displacement ofsheet metal and / structure under the direct contact of collision forces. DIRECT DRIVE Refers to a condition in which the transmission isin a gear having a 1:1 ratio, that is, when the engine crankshaft is turning atthe same rate as the vehicle drive shaft.   See overdrive and under drive. DIRECTION OF FORCE The direction of the principle force sustained by avehicle at impact and resulting in the vehicle damage.   (See collision deformation classification SAEJ244). DIRT BIKE A motorcycle designed for off highway use. DISC BRAKES Disc brakes are a type of brake system wherein thefriction material is a flat pad.   Thefriction pads bear against a flat brake disc, or rotor, mounted in a planeperpendicular to the axle axis. DISC WHEEL A single unit that combines a rim and a wheels DISCRIMINATIVE REACTION A reaction to perception of an unfamiliar hazard orother situation, which requires additional information than that immediatelyavailable to make a decision or which presents several choices of possibleevasive tactics.   Time required is 1.5seconds or more, possibly much more. DISENGAGEMENT The final touching of objects in a collision beforeseparation; the time and place on a traffic unit or traffic way where thistouching occurs.   If colliding objectsdo not separate, there is no last contact. DISPATCHER Person in charge of dispatching. DISPLACEMENT The stroke of the piston multiplied by the area ofthe cylinder bore, the product multiplied by the number of cylinders in theengine. DISTANCE TO SWERVE (d): The longitudinal distance necessary to changedirection and return to a parallel course   while traversing a given lateral distance(dlat). DISTRIBUTOR An engine-driven device in ignition system toproduce, time, and deliver spark to the spark plugs. DISTURBANCE RESPONSE The vehicle motion resulting from unwanted force ordisplacement inputs applied to the vehicle.   Examples of disturbances are wind forces or vertical road displacements. DIVERGENT INSTABILITY Divergent instability exists at a prescribed trimif any small temporary disturbance or control input causes an ever increasingvehicle response without oscillation. DLO (Day Light Opening) - line defining the areasthrough which light will pass in glazed areas. DOCK A platform where trucks load and unload. DOCK RECEIPT Receipt given for a shipment received or deliveredat a pier or dock.   When delivery of aforeign shipment is completed, the dock receipt is surrendered to thetransportation line and a bill of lading is issued. DOCUMENT Anything printed, written, etc., relied upon torecord or prove something. DOCUMENTATION (1; the supplying of documents   (2) the documents that are supplied. DOE Design of Experiment - Evaluate key criteria toevaluate contribution to problem. DOG CHASE A relief crew went out to bring in a train whichcan not be legally moved by its own crew. DOG LEG A right-angle bend, as in the angle made by theside and bottom of windshields of the mid-fifties. DOLLY A small platform mounted on wheels that is used ina warehouse to move objects.   Also usedin reference to (1) The coupling device composed of one or two axles and afifth wheel used to convert a semi-trailer to a full trailer so it can becoupled to the rear of a tractor-trailer unit, making the combination into adouble-bottom rig; (2) landing gear on a trailer. DOLLY HITCH Coupling device between leading trailer and dollyconsisting of pintle hook and drawbar connection. DOOR CHECK A device, part of the door hinge assembly, toprevent the door from opening beyond the designed full-open position. DOT Federal Department of Transportation DOUBLE BOTTOMS See doubles DOUBLE CAP NUT The inner and outer nuts used to secure stud-mountwheels to a vehicle. The inner dual wheel is attached by an inner cap nut witha spherical radius and the outer dual wheel is attached by an outer cap nutwith a spherical radius. DOUBLE DECK (stock car) A car with a second floor (often made removable)half way between the ordinary floor and the roof, to increase the carryingcapacity of the car for small livestock, such as pigs as sheep. DOUBLE DROP FRAME A drop frame trailer with one drop behind the kingpinand one in front of the rear axles.   Seedrop frame. DOUBLE-AXLE See tandem axle. DOUBLE-CLUTCHING Shifting the gears of a non synchronized trucktransmission without clashing them, by depressing and releasing the clutchpedal twice. DOUBLE-REDUCTION REAR AXLE A rear end that reduces the drive line rpm inrelation to the rear wheel rpm by means of a double. Dual gear reductiongenerally used in rear axles. DOUBLES A combination vehicle consisting of a tractor, asemi trailer and a full trailer, coupled together.   Also called twins, twin trailers and most often double bettors. DOWEL PIN A pin aligning or securing two parts to preventmovement between them. DOWN TUBES The lower frame portion extending from the steeringhead down and under the engine to the swing arm pivot. DOWNSHIFT A shift which results in an increase in torqueratio and decrease in speed ratio. D PILLAR Vertical or diagonal structural pillar between roofand body at the rear corner of a station wagon. D POINT Lowest point on a manikin \'s buttocks contour. DPSR Daily Problem Status Report DQR DRAG TEMPLATE Durability, Quality and Reliability. A pattern orguide of a particular of the body section - bumper, molding, etc. DRAFT GEAR A unit which forms the connection between thecoupler rigging and the center sill.   The purpose of this unit is to receive the shocks incidental to trainmovements and coupling of cars, and so cushion the force of impact. DRAG Lowest part of flask used in casting. DRAG FACTOR (f): A number representing the acceleration ordeceleration of a vehicle or other body as a decimal fraction of theacceleration of gravity; the horizontal force needed to produce acceleration inthe same direction divided by the weight of the body to which the force isapplied.   When a vehicle slides with allwheels locked, on a level surface, the coefficient of friction and the dragfactor have the same value. DRAG LINE A method of moving freight carts around a carrier \'sterminal.   Refers to a moving cable (theline) that operates either from a suspended position overhead or in a slot inthe floor.   The line supplies the motivepower (drag) to the carts when they are attached to the line. DRAG LINK The term drag link in a typicalsteering system is a rod connected at its end points to the idler arm and thepit man arm.   The drag link, the tierods, the idler arm and the steering knuckles comprise the steering linkage. DRAIN LINES In some fuel systems, unburned fuel is returned tothe supply tank through the drain lines.   Not found on all tractors. DRAW DIE An operation in which a flat sheet metal blank isrestrained around its periphery and caused to flow into a female configuration.Action may be air or toggle. DRAW FORMING To form parts from flat stock by distortion orstretching in a die. DRAW LINE The inner extreme of draw marks caused by the blanktraversing through spleens, binder radii, and steps in the cavity (female) ofdraw dies. Objectionable surface defect if it carries into an exposed area of apanel. DRAWHEAD The head of an automatic coupler, exclusive of theknuckle, knuckle pins and lock. DRAWING QUALITY STEEL (DQ) Cold reduced, box annealed last (also temperedin exposed grades) drawing quality sheet steel for parts having a severe draw. DRAYAGE The charge made for carting, draying, or truckingfreight. DRIBBLE Liquid debris from a vehicle or its cargo thatdrops to the ground, often leaving a trail, if the vehicle is moving, from aspatter area to a puddle. DRIFT TIME The time required for a vehicle or combination tocoast, with engine disengaged, from a specified higher speed to a lowerspecified speed, without the use of brakes. DRILL TRACK A track connecting with the ladder track, overwhich engines and cars move back and forth in switching. DRILLING (car) The handling or switching of cars in freight yards. D-RING The hook or ring latch located in the vicinity ofthe occupants shoulder, often on the B or C pillars and used for directing theshoulder belt from the retractor mechanism over the shoulder. DRIP MOLDING (Drips) an exposed channel applied to the roof overthe side windows to direct water away from the windows and to cover structuralwelding. DRIVE Every person who drives or is in actual control ofa vehicle. DRIVE AXLE An axle that transmits power to the wheels.   A drive axle is a powered axle that activelypulls the load. DRIVE SHAFT A heavy-duty tube that connects the transmission tothe rear end assembly of the tractor. DRIVE TRAIN A series of connected mechanical parts fortransmitting motion. DRIVABLE MODEL A fiberglass body mounted on a chassis and used toevaluate the model in motion. DRIVELINE The universal joints, any bearings, and thedriveshaft(s) that transmit power from the transmission to the drive axle. DRIVER Driver Identification at the time of the data extraction. ( Detroit ) DRIVER ACRS An air cushion restraint system used to protect thedriver in a vehicle crash. DRIVER INCIDENTS Latest driver incidents recorded, up to five. ( Detroit ) DRIVER INCIDENTS TOTAL Total number of driver entered incidents. ( Detroit ) DRIVER MODULATION The use of steering or brake release andreapplication or combination of both to maintain directional stability. DRIVER PERCEPTION REACTION TIME The interval of time lapse between the instant adriver first perceives a reason to stop or maneuver his vehicle and the instanthe takes action. DRIVERS (Slang) The drive wheels of a tractor. DRIVERS Transistors used as amplifiers. Taking a smallcurrent from an integrated circuit to control the much larger current of theinterlock relay or the elt warning system. DRIVER \'S DUTY STATUS RECORD BOOK See log book, driver \'s dally. DRIVER \'S LOG See log book, driver \'s dally. DRIVERS PERCEPTION REACTION DISTANCE The distance traveled by a vehicle during the timethat elapses from the instant the driver detects a hazard until he applies thebrake or makes an evasive maneuver. DRIVEWAY ACCESS A roadway by which motor vehicles may enter orleave a trafficway and limited to that portion that is entirely within theconfines of the trafficway. DRIVING Engine on time when the vehicle speed was greater than 1.5 mph. ( Detroit ) DRIVING ECONOMY Trip Distance divided by Driving Fuel. ( Detroit ) DRIVING FORCE The longitudinal force resulting from drivingtorque application. DRIVING FORCE COEFFICIENT The ratio of the driving force to the verticalload. DRIVING FUEL Trip fuel minus Idle Fuel. ( Detroit ) DRIVING PERCENT Driving Time divided by Trip Time ( Detroit ) DRIVING TIME Trip time minus Idle Time. ( Detroit ) DROMEDARY TRACTOR A long-wheelbase tractor with a cargo body placedbetween the fifth wheel and the cab. DROP Switching movement in which cars are cutoff from anengine and allowed to roll free into a track. DROP BOTTOM CAR A gondola car with a level floor, equipped with anumber of drop doors for discharging the load. DROP BRAKE SHAFT A brake shaft for flat cars which normally extendsabove the floor, but can be dropped down should conditions of the lading require. DROP END GONDOLA CAR A gondola car with end doors which can be droppedwhen the car is used for shipping long material which extends over more thanone car. DROP FRAME A trailer frame that drops downward to increasecargo capability without increasing the vertical clearance of the vehicle.   Consists of two types:   single drop and double drop. DROP IT ON THE NOSE Uncoupling a tractor from a semi-trailer withoutlowering the landing gear to support the trailer \'s front DROP OFF The edge of pavement where it is more that about 2inches (about 5 cm) higher than the abutting shoulder. DROP THE BODY (Slang) Unhook and drive a tractor away from aparked semi-trailer. DROP-IN UNIT Generally refers to rear axle gear assembly locatedin axle housing by drop-in. DRUM BRAKES Drum brakes are a type of brake system wherein thefriction material of the brake shoes is arranged cylindrically around the axle,and bears against a cylindrical brake drum. DRY FREIGHT Freight that does not need to be shipped at aspecific temperature to prevent spoilage. DRY TANK Part of brake system.   Air passes from wet tank to dry tank.   Dry tank is the air reservoir from which the air is drawn foroperating the brake system. DUAL AXLE Tandem axle or two axles in combination. DUAL SPACING Lateral distance from wheel centerline to wheelcenterline in a dual wheel arrangement. It is determined by adding two offsets(disc wheels) or two offsets plus one spacer bandwidth (demountable rims). DUAL-LEVEL INFLATOR An air cushion inflator comparing two magnitudes ofinflating energy which can be timed to provide variable inflation. DUALS A pair of wheels and tires mounted together on thesame side of one axle.   DUMMY COUPLER A fitting used to seal the opening in an air brakehose connection (glad hands) when the connection is not in use.   Sometimes called a dust cap. DUMP BODY (CAR) Truck, car or trailer body of any type which can betilted to discharge its loads DUNNAGE The material used to protect or support freight intrucks.   The weight of dunnage is shownseparately on the bill of lading since it is material used around a cargo toprevent damage.   Often it is transportedwithout charge. DURABILITY AND FINAL Certifies that durability, reliability and allother program requirements not met at the time of sign off. DURAMETER An instrument which measures the hardness ofrubber. Measures hardness by the deflection of a steel probe into a material. (see ASTM D2240 ) DUSK The beginning of darkness in the evening. DUST CAP See dummy coupler. DUST SHIELD Sheet metal shield on brake assembly used to keepdebris from brakes. DUTY A tax levied by a government on imports andexports. DVP & R Design Verification Plan and Report DYING DECLARATION A statement made by the victim of a homicide whileabout to die, in expectation of death and without any hope of recovery, andconcerning the facts and circumstances under which the fatal injury wasinflected. DYNAMIC BALANCE The balance of an object when it is in motion. DYNAMIC BRAKING A means of braking a locomotive or car havingelectric motors or by using the motors as generators and dissipating this powerthrough resistors.   It may be used tocontrol train speed and to brake a train to low speed after which air brakesbring it to a full stop. DYNAMIC CRUSH The maximum exterior deformation suffered by avehicle in impact with another vehicle or object and, due to the elasticproperties of vehicle bodies, will be slightly greater than the post impactmeasurement.   The maximum deformationthat a vehicle would experience during the event.   The dynamic crush is often 10 - 20 % greater than the staticcrush.   The difference being the bounceor coefficient of restitution. DYNAMIC INDEX (k /ab ratio) is the square of the radius ofgyration (k) of the sprung mass about a transverse axis through the center ofgravity, divided by the product of the two longitudinal distances (a and b)from the center of gravity to the front and rear wheel centers. DYNAMIC RATE Dynamic rate of an elastic member is the ratemeasured during rapid deflection where the member is not allowed to reachstatic equilibrium. DYNAMICS The physical behavior of an object in motion. DYNAMOMETER A device for measuring the work output of anengine. See brake horsepower. References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",118);arrFiles[4]=new Array(5,"E.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary E","","","wd Normal wd 2 1 2003-02-25T02:43:00Z 2003-02-25T02:43:00Z 7 2328 13274 iintegration 110 26 16301 9.2720 E E/A DEVICE Energy Absorbing device, usually a device forabsorbing impact energy. EA 1) Energy Absorbing. 2) Engineering Assignment. Theinitial order from tool planning requesting tool design to proceed with designor assembly fixtures. EAO European Automotive Operations EARLY WARNING NOTIFICATION (EWN) A notification to the Automotive Assemblydivision (or equivalent) that a specific part is to be deleted as the result ofa pending release action. This controls the procurement of certain productionparts. EARTH-FIXED AXIS SYSTEM (X,Y,Z)   This system is a right-hand orthogonal axis system fixed on theearth.   The trajectory of the vehicle isdescribed with respect to this earth-fixed axis system. The X and Y-axis are ina horizontal plane and the Z-axis is directed downward EASL (Engineering Approved Source List) A list ofsuppliers approved by the Engineering Office and the Procurement & OfficeSupply. (Chrysler derived) EASY SIGN A hand signal indicating the train is to moveslowly. ECCENTRIC FORCE An eccentric force is a force which is not directedthrough the center of gravity of a vehicle.   The term refers to forces generated as a result of collision. ECCENTRIC THRUST A thrust which is not towards the center of mass ofthe vehicle or other object in collision. ECM Electronic Control Module. ( Detroit ) ECR Engineering Change Request. Request from any plantor department requesting tool design to proceed with design or assemblyfixtures. EDGE LINE A line which indicates the edge of the roadway. EE Engineering Estimate EFFECTIVE ROLLING RADIUS (R e) is the ratio of the linear velocity of thewheel center in the X 1 direction to the spin velocity. EFFECTIVE STATIC DEFLECTION Effective static deflection of a loaded suspensionsystem equals the static load divided by the spring weight of the system atthat load. Total static deflection and effective static deflection are equalwhen the spring rate is constant. EGG CRATE A complex grille work made o intersecting planes,usually with more depth than can be obtained by stamping. EGR Exhaust gas recirculation. EIGHT D (Eight Discipline, 8D) is a formal, root causeoriented approach to problem solving. (Ford derived) ELASTIC COLLISION (See Collision, Elastic.) ELASTICITY The property of a material which causes it toreturn to its original shape after deformation. ELASTOMER An elastic rubberlike substance, such as natural orsynthetic rubber. ELECTRIC BRAKES Electric brakes are similar to and function in thesame way as mechanics \' friction brakes.   However, the actuation is different.   The electromechanical components comprise a friction clutch whichgenerates a terse.   This force is inturn amplified by cams which force the brake shoes against the brake drum. ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE A locomotive which receives electric power from anoverhead contact wire or third rail and uses the power to drive electric motorsconnected by gears to the driving axles. ELECTRICAL LINE ADAPTER See adapter. ELECTRICALLY LOCKED SWITCH A hand operated switch equipped with anelectrically controlled device which restricts the movement of the switch. ELECTROLYTE A chemical solution (usually sulfuric acid andwater) that covers the positive and negative plates in the cells of anautomotive storage battery, it reacts with the chemicals of the plates toproduce voltage and current flow. ELECTRONIC SEQUENCING MODULE An electronic device employing an integratedcircuit and associated timing, protection and control components which provideslogical control of the ignition interlock system. ELECTRONIC INTEGRATION Making electronically controlled components worktogether. ELEVATION Two-dimensional drawing of vehicle viewed fromfront, side, or rear. ELEVATOR (Slang)   Ahydraulic or electrically powered end gate on a truck or trailer. ELPO (Electrophoretic Priming Operation) body and primerhave opposite electric charges and primer plates out on body inimmersion paint process. EMBARGO To resist or prohibit the acceptance and handlingof freight.   A formal notice thatcertain freight will not be accepted. EMBLEM A decorative part used for identification. EMERGENCY (air line)   See air lines. EMERGENCY APPLICATION A quick heavy reduction of brake pipe pressure madewhen a train must be stopped in the minimum distance possible.   An emergency application may also occur whena brake pipe is broken, or when air hoses between cars are disconnected withangle cocks open. EMERGENCY BRAKE RELEASE Will override the spring brake control in the eventair pressure is lost.   You must hold itwhile pulling out on the spring brake control.   For emergency use only. EMERGENCY BRAKE VALVE A valve for applying the train brakes in emergencies.   It is connected to the brake pipe by abranch pipe and operated by releasing brake pipe air to the atmosphere. EMERGENCY RATE (freight) A rate established to meet some immediate andpressing need, and without due regard to the usual rate factors. EMERGENCY RESERVOIR A part of the AB air brake system to provide quickrecharge, graduated release and high emergency cylinder pressure.   It supplements the supply from the auxiliaryreservoir. EMERGENCY STOP See stop and emergency stop. EMI Electro-Magnetic Interference EMISSION Refers to gases and other materials vented to theatmosphere by the exhaust system. EMPTY CAR BILL Way bills used to move ordinary empty cars from onestation to another. ENACT Engineering Application of Computer Technology ENCROACHMENT The act of intruding or going beyond the properlimits, such as encroachment on another lane of traffic. END DOOR A door in the end of a car.   In some box cars this door is used forloading and unloading long material which can not be handled through the sidedoor.   Sometimes called a lumber door. END YOKE Yoke-shaped forging forming part of universal jointconnecting driveshaft to transmission or axle. ENDURO A motorcycle that has the required equipment for onstreet operation but also has the tires and suspension for off road use. ENERGY (e): Defined as the ability to do work.   Since this energy is measured in terms ofits work, potential or accomplished, it is a scalar quantity and is recorded inthe same units (ft*lb). ENERGY PARTITION How the collision energy is divided betweencolliding vehicles. ENERGY, CONSERVATION OF The principle of physics which states that theamount of energy in a closed system is constant regardless of the changes inthe form of that energy. ENERGY, KINETIC Energy due to motion ENERGY, POTENTIAL Energy due to position. ENGINE A unit propelled by any form of energy or acombination of such units operated from a single control, used in train or yardservice. Engine Brake Number of cylinders that have the engine brake feature (cylinders) enabled. ( Detroit ) ENGINE GUARDS Metal tubes attached to the frame to protect the engine casing in the event of an upset. Engine Hour Engine hours at time of the data extraction or at the time of an event. ( Detroit ) Engine Speed The Engine Speed Histogram graph depicts the Histogram percentage of the total Trip Time the engine speed fell within the given band. ( Detroit ) Engine Utilization Trip Time divided by Trip Calendar Time. ( Detroit ) ENGINE WATER JACKETS Hollow chambers that surround the cylinders andother parts exposed to high temperatures in the engine.   They circulate coolant around engine partsto cool them. ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY This is normally when the acceptability of aspecific feature has been agreed to by the Executive Engineers of theresponsible Vehicle and Component Design activities. ENGINEERING PRODUCT ASSUMPTIONS A compendium of Engineering information whichnormally includes Body Models and Series; Engine, Transmissions, Axles, Exhaustand Brake availability; Systems and Component Design Descriptions (includinginterchangeability); Serviceability Objectives; product AcceptanceSpecifications; Regular Production Options and Program Timing Plans. ENGINEERING PROTOTYPE A vehicle which carries the chassis, includingengine and driveline components, the body and sheet metal, to be released forJob No. 1 of a specific model program; ornamentation required for a designcheck and durability testing is to be included. Paint and trim materials may ormay not be used in accordance with Engineering releases (Normally 13 monthsprior to Job #1.) ENGINEERING SIGN-OFF A notification to BAO-Assembly, PreproductionControl, Program Planning, etc., that all pertinent testing (including Functionand Fit and Durability) has been completed as follows: (Normally 6 months priorto Job #1.) ENGINEERS BRAKE VALVE (air brake) A brake valve in the locomotive for operating thebrakes of the train. ENGINEMAN The driver or operator of a locomotive.   Also called engineer. ENROUTE On the way to a destination. ENROUTE INSPECTION See inspection. ENTRY (CUSTOMS) A statement of the kinds, quantities, and values ofgoods imported together with duties due, if any, and declared before a customsofficer or other designated officer ENVIRONMENTAL Relating to the environment (air, water,land).   Air and water pollution areenvironmental problems. EO (Engineering Order) Document used for transmittinginformation, material instructions and specifications switching the engineeringactivity. EPA Federal Environment Protection Agency EPR Engineering Planning Report EQUALIZING HITCH An equalizing hitch is a trailer hitch whichdistributes the tongue load to the front wheels as well as to the rear wheelsof the towing vehicle. EQUILIBRIUM The state of a body when the forces acting on itcombine to maintain the body at rest or in motion with constant velocity.   Requirements: A. The vector sum ofall forces acting on the body must be zero. B. The sum of all the torque \'sacting on the body must be zero. Et = 0   E fx = 0, E   fy = 0 and E   fz = 0 EQUIVALENT BARRIER SPEED Most commonly used to describe the equivalentimpact speed into a flat rigid barrier to produce the same amount of crush asis showing on a case vehicle.   Somewhatdifferently it can be defined as the speed needed in a rigid barrier impact toproduce the same crush energy as is accessed in a case vehicle.   The concept of equivalent barrier speed isonly satisfactory when conditions of a given collision approximate to thepattern of damage which occurs in the standard barrier test.   The more a struck object varies from the rigidbarrier, the less satisfactory is the E.B.S..   For example, a car hitting a Styrofoam covered barrier at 30 M.P.H.would exhibit less crush than would occur if there was no energy-absorbing foamon the barrier.   In an extreme case thefoam could be four feet thick and absorb most of the vehicles kinetic energyleaving the car looking as if it had hit a rigid barrier at 5 M.P.H., when infact it was traveling at 30 M.P.H. EQUIVALENT DRAG FACTOR (fe):   Apure number indicating the deceleration of an object through a given distancewith multiple surfaces and/or irregular braking. ER (Engineering Release) Document used by theengineering activity to transmit information to various Fisher departments andthe allied divisions of GM ES (Engineering Specifications) are documents thatcontain necessary information to produce or evaluate parts. Such information istypically related to function, performance and durability tests. ESCAPE RAMP A ramp on a steep downgrade that can be used by atruck driver to stop a runaway truck when brakes have failed.   The ramp often has a soft gravel surface andforms a steep upgrade to stop the truck.   Sometimes called a runaway truck ramp. ESCUTCHEON An exposed panel or part used to retain, or tohide, the retention of another part; e.g., keyhole, door release, or windowcrank. ES-M or MS (Engineering Material Specifications or Materialspecifications) are documents which describe a product material and define itstechnical requirements which control function, endurance performance, physicaland mechanical properties. ESTABLISHMENT A continuing process during the Redbookcosting process and involves a close liaison between Manufacturing andEngineering. Actions normally include but are not limited to the following: 1.Advanced design, packaging and test of components. 2. Preliminary concurrencein Manufacturing Feasibility by the appropriate Manufacturing activities. 3Determination of preliminary weight, piece cost, tooling, facilities and timingimplications. 4. The basis for estimating piece cost-defined in the sectiontitled Engineering A Model Year Program. ETHER Substance used as a starting aid for diesel enginesin freezing or subfreezing weather. EU Engineering Use EVADING RESPONSIBILITY Failure by a driver to comply with any legalrequirement regarding stopping, giving aid, and revealing identity following amotor vehicle traffic accident in which he/she is involved. EVASIVE Tending Or seeking to evade.   Evasive action is action taken to evade orescape from a problem, danger, or hazard. EWN Early Warning Notice EXCEPTIONS TO CLASSIFICATION   Apublication containing classification ratings (a percentage of first class) andrules different (generally lower) from the classification ratings and rulesshown in the Uniform Freight Classification.   See Uniform Freight Classification. EXCESS FREIGHT Freight in excess of the quantity shown on freightbill. EXCHANGE BILL OF LADING A bill of lading issued in exchange for anotherbill of lading. EXCITING FREQUENCY Exciting frequency is the frequency of vibration ofthe exciting force. EXCLUSIVE USE OF TRUCK A request made by a shipper on the bill of ladingfor the sole use of a vehicle, i.e., no other freight to be carried. EXEMPT CARRIER Trucks hauling certain commodities are exempt fromInterstate Commerce Commission economic regulation.   By far the largest portion of the exempt carriers transportagricultural commodities or seafood. EXHAUST MANIFOLD That part of the exhaust system that carries theexhaust gases from the cylinders to the exhaust pipe. EXHAUST PIPE Pipe connected to muffler through which exhaustgases are released.   See tailpipe andstack. EXHAUST PORTS Connecting passages from the inside to the outsideof the cylinder heads. EXHAUST STROKE Phase of the four-stroke cycle when waste gases arepushed out the exhaust valve. EXHAUST VALVES Open to discharge the burned gases from thecombustion chamber EXPANDABLE (trifler)   Flat bed trailer which can be expanded beyond its regular length tocarry larger shipments. EXPEDITING To accelerate a process.   Expedited freight service is usually superior to normalservice.   Dispatching less than truckload quantities on a single truck for quick delivery is an example of expeditedservice.   Such service frequentlynecessitates payment of exclusive use of vehicle freight charges. EXPERIMENTAL FEASIBILITY This is a minimum requirement for new designconcepts prior to the issuance of approved product assumptions. It isestablished when the principle of the feature has been demonstrated by means ofan operating example. Normally this would require packaging and testing underenvironmental conditions together with estimates of cost and facilities implications.   Note: Where expediency warrants, itmay be necessary to waive the establishment of feasibility, at which time asuitable agreement must be reached based on Engineering and Manufacturingjudgements. EXPIRATION NOTICE A notice in a tariff that all or some part of itwill expire at a stated time. EXPORT To send goods to a foreign country. EXPORT RATE A rate published on traffic moving from an interiorpoint to a port for trans-shipment to a foreign country. EXTERNAL CONTRACTING BRAKE A type of brake in which the brake shoes contractagainst the outside of the brake drum. EXTRA TRAIN A train not included in a time table schedule. EXTRUSION A part or component formed by pushing material(clay, plastic, metal) through a die by pressure, e.g., a molding. EYE BALL To establish or evaluate a surface or line by eyewithout the aid of tools, templates, etc. EYE LEAD TIME Term used to describe the distance that a driver islooking ahead on the road.   A 12-secondeye lead time means that the driver is looking ahead the distance he willtravel in 12 seconds \' time. EYEBROW A cowl or visor above a headlamp, instrument panelor wheel opening. EYELLIPSE A two-dimensional range of eye positions,representing several driver sizes, to define visual requirements. References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",72);arrFiles[5]=new Array(6,"F.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary F","","","wd Normal wd 2 1 2003-02-25T02:43:00Z 2003-02-25T02:43:00Z 7 2328 13274 iintegration 110 26 16301 9.2720 F FABRICATED ROOF Refers to the completed assembly of the roof innerand outer panels, which is made in   thefabrication plant. FABRICATED SIDE FRAME Type of body frame around door   and side window openings made from largestampings rather than an assembly of parts, which is used in small cars. FABRICATION IN TRANSIT The stopping of steel products at a point locatedbetween the points of origin and destination for further process ofmanufacture.   For example, steel beamsto be fabricated as bridge girders. FACING MOVEMENT The movement of a train over the points of a switchwhich face in the direction of opposite to that end which the train is moving. FACT Information that corresponds to reality. FACTOR Any circumstance contributing to a result withoutwhich the result could not have occurred; an element which is necessary toproduce the result, but not, by itself, sufficient; operational factor;condition factors. Factory Setting Setup format containing the factory default values for ProDriver. ( Detroit ) FAIRING A windscreen attached to the frame or fork assembly on the front of a motorcycle. FALL A downward and onward movement in the air under the force of gravity after forward momentum carries an object beyond its supporting surface, rotation during a fall is gradual and the object usually lands right side up. Fan On Time Total Fan On Time is accumulated when either one (or both) of the digital fan outputs or the PWM fan output is active. Total Fan On Time is comprised of Fan Time (Engine). Fan Time (Manual) and Fan Time (Air Conditioning). ( Detroit ) Fan Time Time accumulated when the fan was active because the (Air conditioning) air conditioning system triggered activation. ( Detroit ) Fan Time (Engine) Time accumulated when the fan was active because the engine triggered activation. ( Detroit ) Fan Time (Manual) Time accumulated when the fan was active because the operator used the manual switch. ( Detroit ) FASCIA A styled elastomeric front or rear body panel whichusually includes the bumper and/or grille details. FASTBACK A roofline that slopes directly down toward or tothe rear bumper of a vehicle. FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC An accident in which at least one person dieswithin thirty days of the accident as a result of injuries sustained in theaccident. FATALLY INJURED A death caused by injuries sustained in a motorvehicle accident and which occurs within 30 days of the accident. FATIGUE In referring to human activity, fatigue is thereduction in muscular and mental capability owing to prolonged or strenuousmental or physical activity.   Inreferring to the strength of metals, fatigue is the deterioration of themetallic structure owing to repeated loading. FEA Finite Element Structural Analysis FEEDING IN TRANSIT The stopping of shipments of livestock, etc, at apoint located between the points of origin and destination to be fed andwatered. FEMUR LOAD The force transmitted axially through the upperleg. FENDER VAULT The kinematics of the impacted pedestrian where thepedestrian is positioned near either side of the vehicle at impact, the torsoand head pivot toward the hood, and the torso and head fall off the side of thefender. FESM Front End Sheet Metal. FIBERGLASS 1. Mole - a mold is generally the female taken fromthe original clay model. 2. Cast - a cast is the male reproduction made fromsuch female molds. 3. Model - a model made with body panels, bumpers, etc.,made of glass-fibered plastic. FIELD SKETCH A freehand map of the scene or site of an accidentshowing certain features of the accident or road configuration, usually for thepurpose of recording measurements. FIFTH WHEEL The fifth wheel is the flat circular disk at thepoint on the tractor of a tractor-trailer combination at which the trailerhitch is secured.   This disk supportsthe weight of the front of the trailer FILLET Curved surface used to blend two intersectingplanes. FINAL POSITION The exact location of a vehicle or body after atraffic accident FINAL VELOCITY (vf): The velocity at the conclusion of an event orsequence   of events. FIRST CONTACT POINT (FCP):   Theexact point on a vehicle, pedestrian or other object touched in a collision orthe place on the road or ground closest to the first contact between collidingobjects.   Sometimes referred to as Pointof Impact (POI). FIRST HARMFUL EVENT The first occurrence in a traffic accident thatresults in appreciable damage or injury; the occurrence determining the timeand place of the accident; usually the first contact in impact.   FISH HOOK A spear or arrowhead-shaped ending to a decorativemolding or paint stripe. FISH PLATE Plate attached to web of frame running along framelength for the purpose of reinforcement. FIVE POINT RESTRAINT A lap belt, two shoulder belts, and a crotch strap. FIXED COLLISION BARRIER Filed collision barrier means a flat, verticalunyielding surface with the following characteristics:   (1)   The surface is sufficiently large that when struck by a tested vehicle,no portion of the vehicle projects or passes beyond the surface.   (2)   The approach is a horizontal surface that is large enough for thevehicle to attain a stable attitude turning its approach to the barrier, thatdoes not restrict vehicle motion during impact.   (3)   When struck by avehicle, the surface and its supporting structure absorb no significant portionof the vehicle \'s kinetic energy, so that a performance requirement described interms of impact with a   collisionbarrier must be met no matter how small an amount of energy is absorbed by thebarrier. FIXED CONTROL That mode of vehicle control wherein the positionof some point in the steering system (front wheels, Pitman arm, steering wheel)is held fixed.   This is a special caseof position control. FIXED SIGNAL A signal of fixed location indicating a conditionaffecting the movement of a train or engine. FLAG A brakeman sent out to protect the rear of a trainmaking an unscheduled stop; also an assumed name. FLAG STATION A station at which trains only stop when signaled. FLAME ARRESTER Grid or closely spaced metal louvers which permitair to flow into carburetor but quenches any flame backfiring from engine. FLAMMABLE Commodity which cn easily be ignited. FLANGE 1 A rib or rim that provides strength, guidance ora means of attachment to another object.   2) Car Wheel Flange - A projecting edge or rim on the circumference ofthe wheel to keep it on the rail. FLANGE YOKE Yoke with circular flange matching end yoke ondriveshaft to make a universal joint. FLAT CAR An open car without sides, ends or top, usedprincipally for hauling lumber, stone, heavy machinery, etc. FLAT TIRE MARK A scuff mark made by an over deflected tire; a markmade by a tire which is seriously under inflated or overloaded. FLAT TIRE RADIUS The distance from the spin axis to the road surfaceof a loaded tire on a specified rim at zero inflation. FLAT WHEEL A car wheel that has flat spots on the tread. Fleet Goal User entered fleet fuel economy goal. ( Detroit ) Fleet Idle Goal User entered fleet idle goal in percent of Trip Time ( Detroit ) Fleet Name Fleet identification entered using the Preferences Menu. ( Detroit ) Fleet Time Zone The Fleet Time Zone is the time zone of the analysis PC for the fleet, expressed as the number of hours offset from Greenwich Mean Time. For example, Eastern Standard Time is expressed as -5 hr. This time is used on the reports. It is set during installation and can be reset after installation through the Tools, Options menu. ( Detroit ) FLIP A sudden upward and onward movement off the groundwhen an object \'s horizontal movement is obstructed below its center of mass byan obstacle on the surface supporting the object.   Rotation during a flip is rapid and the object usually landupside down.   Sometimes called vault. FLOAT BRIDGE A bridge connecting car floats with rail landings. FLOATAGE 1) The floating or transfer of railroad cars acrosswater. 2) Also the charge for such service. FLOATING LOAD A load in which the lading is prepared as a unitspace between unit and ends of car and end blocking omitted.   The lengthwise movement of the lading overthe floor of the car permits the dissipating of impact shocks. FLOATING MAINSHAFT A heavy-duty central shaft and several gears thatturn freely when not engaged. It can move to allow for equalization of theloading on the countershafts. When engaged, the floating main shaft transferstorque evenly through its gears to the rest of the transmission and ultimatelyto the rear axle. FLOOR BOARDS Footrest area for the motorcycle operator orpassenger mounted in lieu of footpegs. FLOTATION Ability to float generally referring to largelow-pressure tires. FLO-THRU VENTILATION Type of body ventilation where air enters at thefront of the passenger compartment and exits at the rear. FLUSH   GLASS Refers to window opening design where the plane ofthe glass is nearly the same as the plane of the body surface. FLYING SWITCH OR DROP Switching technique in which cars are cut off frombehind a moving locomotive and the switch opened after the engine has passed. FMA Failure Mode Analysis FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) is ananalytical technique which used the potential failure modes of a design/processand the causes to prioritize improvement opportunities. FMVSS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards FOG LINE The solid white or yellow line that separates thedriving lanes from the shoulder area of the highway. FOIL WELD Method of welding light-gauge panels using discwelding electrodes and a thin-gauge foil capping the joint toprovide filler material. FOILED BRIGHT SURFACE Bright aluminum foil applied over clay to simulatechrome-plated areas. FOOT BRAKE VALVE Valve controlling the air pressure delivered to orreleased from the axle brake chambers. FOOTMAN \'S LOOP A swiveling, snap fit loop on top of the headrestraint which guides the shoulder belt. FOOT-POUND A foot-pound is a unit of measurement of work.   It is equal to the work done by an appliedforce of one pound when it moves a mass through a distance of one foot in thedirection of the force. FOOTPRINT The portion of the tread that is in contact withthe ground. FORCE (f): A push or pull on a body - a vector quantity. FORCE CONTROL That mode of vehicle control wherein inputs orrestraints are placed upon the steering system in the form of forces,independent of the displacement required. FORCE LINE The force line is the direction of the resultantforce, which produces damage to the subject vehicle. FORCED VIBRATION Forced vibration of a system is vibration duringwhich variable forces outside the system determine the period of the vibration. FOREIGN CAR OR TRAILER A car or trailer belonging to a carrier other thanthat by which it is being operated. FORK Attached to the steering head of the frame, the forkconnects the frame with the front axle by means of a set of tubes that straddlethe front wheel. The fork can be rigid or telescopic, with spring movement anddamping action built into each tube. FORK TUBE The upper fork component that connects the tripleclamp above and the slider tube below. FORWARD FACING A seat that is oriented so that its occupants facesthe front of the vehicle. FORWARD PROJECTION The kinematics of the impacted pedestrian where thepedestrian hits the front face of the vehicle.   This typically occurs when the vehicle is braking prior to impact, withfull face vehicles such as cabover semi trucks, or with small children. FORWARD VELOCITY forward velocity   of a point in the vehicle is the component of the vector velocityperpendicular to the y-axis and parallel to the road plane. FOUR STROKE CYCLE The four piston strokes of intake, compression,power and exhaust.   An engine with sucha cycle is also called a four-cycle or four-stroke engine. FOUR-WHEELER Reference to two-axle truck. 4-P FPV Production Process Prove-Out Program FinancialPlanning Volume fpsps Feet per second per second - the English unit ofacceleration or deceleration. FRAME The structure of a motorcycle that supports theengine and occupants and provides attachment points for the rear wheel andsteering. FREE CONTROL That mode of vehicle control wherein no restraintsare placed upon the steering system.   This is a special case of force control. FREE PLAY (Steering system)   Free play is the motion of a point on the periphery of the steeringwheel between perceptible tire motion to the left and perceptible tire motionto the right. FREE TIME The time allowed by the carriers for the loading orunloading of freight after which demurrage or detention charges will accrue. FREE VIBRATION Free Vibration of a system is the vibration duringwhich no variable force is externally applied to the system. FREE-ROLLING TIRE A loaded rolling tire operated without applicationof driving or braking torque. FREIGHT AGENT Carrier representatives with the public who pricesservices performed based on approved tariffs. FREIGHT BILL Statement given customer of charges fortransportation.   Information is takenfrom way bill. FREIGHT CHARGE The charge assessed for transporting freight. FREIGHT CLAIM A demand upon a carrier for the payment ofovercharged, loss or damaged sustained by shipper or consignee. FREIGHT FORWARDER A person engaged in the business of shipping anddistributing less than car / trailer load freight. FREIGHT HOUSE The station facility of a transportation line forreceiving and delivering freight. FREQUENCY Frequency of vibration is the number of periodsoccurring in unit time. FREQUENCY RATIO The ratio of exciting frequency to the naturalfrequency. FRICTION Friction is the resistance to motion caused bycontact between two bodies. If two bodies are in contact, there is not anyfriction between them unless an attempt is made to move the bodies relative toone another   then a friction forcedevelops between them which tends to impede the motion.   The impediment to the motion may have twoforms:     1.   The motion may be completely prevented because the friction forceprevents all motion.      2.   The bodies may slide relative to oneanother, but the friction force acts to oppose the motion, even though thefriction force is not terse enough to stop the motion. FRICTION FORCE Friction force is the force between two bodies incontact which tends to oppose the relative motion of the bodies;   (f):   A tangential force opposing the sliding of one surface across anadjacent surface. FRICTION MARK A tire mark made when a slipping or sliding tirerubs the road or other surface FRISKET KNIFE Knife with a razor-sharp blade, used for detailwork or to cut cardboard and paper. Originally designed to cut frisket(masking) paper. FROG 1) A track structure used at the intersection oftwo running rails to provide support for wheels and passageways for theirflanges, thus permitting wheels on either rail to cross to the other. 2) Animplement for rerailing car wheels. FRONT BODY HINGE PILLAR A structural member on which the front door ishung. FRONT END BAR FIXTURE Fixture is used to locate front end shroud upper inbody frame. FRONT PASSENGERS ACRS An air cushion restraint system used to protectboth the center and the right front seat occupants in a vehicle crash. FRONTAGE ROAD A roadway continuous to and generally parallelingan expressway.   Freeway, parkway, orthrough street so designed so as to intercept, collect and distribute trafficdesignating to cross, enter, or leave such facility and to furnish access to propertywhich other wise would be isolated as a result of the controlled accessfeatures. FUEL FILTER Filtering or screening device for cleaning theengine fuel. Fuel Consumption Trip Fuel divided by Trip Time. ( Detroit ) Fuel Economy Trip Distance divided by Trip Fuel. ( Detroit ) Fuel Pressure Pressure of the fuel measured after the secondary fuel filter. The sensor is only on certain engine models. ( Detroit ) FULL IMPACT An impact in which motion momentarily ceasesbetween some areas of the colliding objects while they are in contact with eachother.   If the colliding objects do notseparate after collision, the impact is complete. FULL INVESTIGATION Any collision investigated by the team in which theteam investigations report will be the original report. FULL SERVICE APPLICATION An application of the brakes resulting from areduction in brake pipe pressure at a service rate until maximum brake cylinderpressure is developed. FULL-FLOATING AXLE Axle shaft which transmits torque only and carriesno vehicle load. FURROW A ditch dug by a tire, wheel, or body part slidingin a dirt or loose material surface. FURROW IN A deep depression at the end of a furrow where atire or other part of a vehicle stopped sliding.   A furrow in often marks the beginning of a flip orroll. FUSEE A red flare used for flagging purposes. FWD (Front-wheel drive) Engine and drive axle mountedat front end of chassis. (Not to be confused with four-wheel drive: 4WD) References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",72);arrFiles[6]=new Array(7,"G.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary G","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:44:00Z 2003-02-25T02:44:00Z 4 1196 6819 iintegration 56 13 8374 9.2720 G G FORCE A G Force is an effective force owingto the acceleration of a body    It isoften called an inertia force, and in this sense, it means theforce necessary to give the body the acceleration it has at any instant   Often, the G Force is given as aproportion of the weight of the body, so that, for example, a force of 1 Gwould equal the weight of the body;   (g):   A pure number indicatingthe amount of gravitational acceleration (g) acting   on an object because of position   or velocity. The acceleration factor (fa) due to gravity (g). GAGE OF TRACK The distance between the heads of the rails,measured at a point 5/8 inch below the top of rails.   Standard gage is 4 \' 8.5.   See board gage and narrow gage. GANDY DANCER (slang) Track laborer. GANTRY CRANE A stilted traveling crane supported on a bridge ortrestle.   Trestle bents are constructedon wheels so the whole structure travels on a track laid on the ground orfloor. GAP SKID A braking skid mark which is interrupted by releaseand reapplication of brakes or which terminates by release of brakes beforecollision.   Compare with skip skid. GARNISH MOLDING The upper molding on the door panel above the armrest, usually metal, used as a retainer for the door trim panel. Also found onA pillars, roof rails and back light. GAS STRUTS (Gas Springs) Gas filled cylinder used in place oftorque rods or mechanical spring to assist in lifting the engine compartmenthoods or rear compartment lids, hatches or lift gates. GATE Switch. GATEWAY A point at which freight moving from one territoryto another is interchanged between carriers. GAWR 1) GAWR is an abbreviation for Gross Axle WeightRating. 2) Lowest rated member from following components: tires, suspension,hubs/wheels, rims, bearings, beam and brakes. GCW Gross combination weight. Total weight of fullyequipped tractor, trailer or trailers and payload. GCWR Manufacturer \'s rating for maximum allowable weightof truck or combination. GEAR RATIO The number of revolutions of a driving gearrequired to turn a driven gear through one complete revolution.   For a pair of gears the ration is found bydividing the number of teeth on the driven gear by the number of teeth on thedriving gear. GEAR RATIO, AXLE Ratio of the speed of the propeller shaft to thespeed of the rear axle shaft. GEAR RATIO, FAST Low numerical ratio as 3.00/1.00 (high speed). GEAR RATIO, SLOW High numerical ratio as 9.00/1.00 (low speed). GEAR RATIO, TRANS. Ratio of input shaft speed to the speed of outputshaft. GEAR SHIFT The device by which the gears of the transmissionare engaged and disengaged. GEARED SPEED Calculated speed. GENERAL SERVICE CAR Box, gondola, or flat car not designed for aspecific commodity or shipper, without special equipment. GENERATOR Engine-driven accessory for changing mechanicalenergy into electrical energy. GLAD HANDS A separable mechanical connector used to join airline hoses when combination vehicles are coupled together. GLARE Glare is the adverse effect on driver visibilityand/or comfort caused by light source(s) within the visual field that aresufficiently brighter that the luminance to which the eyes are adapted. GLIDER Truck that has been rebuilt, particularlycomponent-wise. GO HIGH To climb to the top of freight cars for purposes ofsignaling or setting brakes. GOAT A yard switch engine; it usually butts cars around theyard. GONDOLA CAR A freight car with sides and ends, but without atop covering.   Gondola cars aresometimes distinguished as high side, low side, drop end, drop bottom andgeneral service. GORE The area immediately behind the bifurcation of tworoadways, bounded by the edges of those roadways; the angle between tworoadways where one roadway divides into two. GOUGE A pavement scar deep enough to be easily felt withthe fingers; ship, chop, or groove. GOVERNOR, AIR Device for controlling air pressure. GOVERNOR, ENGINE Device to automatically control maximum rpm. GRAB IRON Steel bar attached to cars and engines as a handhold. GRADE The change in elevation in unit distance in aspecified direction along the center line of a roadway or the path of avehicle; the difference in level of two points divided by the level distancebetween points.   Grades are designatedin feet or meters of rise or fall per foot or meter of level distance or inrise or fall as a percent of the level distance.   Grade is positive (+) if the surface rises in the specifieddirection and negative (-) if it falls in that direction. GRADEABILITY Percent grade that a vehicle will negotiate. GRADIENT (BRAKE PIPE) The difference in brake pipe pressure between thefront and rear of the train.   It is thedirect result of leakage or train line obstruction. GRADIENT FACTOR Gradient factor is a measure of the grade of aslope   it is the vertical distance ofthe grade divided by the horizontal distance   Trigonometrically, the gradient factor is the tangent of the angle ofthe grade   Often, the gradient factor isexpressed as the percent grade, the gradient factor multiplied by 100. GRAIN DOOR A partition placed across the door of a box car toprevent loss of grain by leaking. Granular, granularity Consisting of, or appearing to consist of, granules having a grainy texture. (Merriam- Webster \'s 10th Collegiate Dictionary) ( Detroit ) Granule A small particle; esp.: one of numerous particles forming a larger unit. (Merriam- Webster \'s 10th Collegiate Dictionary) ( Detroit ) GRAVEL DEFLECTOR A metal plate fitted between the front or rearbumper and the body. GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g):   Theacceleration to a body moving only under the vertically directed force ofgravity.   Taken as a constant forreconstruction purposes.   g = 32.2ft/sec2 or g = 9.81 m/s2 GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT The gravitational constant is the ratio between theweight of a body (expressed in force units) and the mass of the body (expressedin mass units)    For example, if a bodyhaving one unit of mass is located on the surface of the earth, then it is inthe gravitational field of the earth, and in English units it would weigh 32 2pounds    Therefore, the gravitationalconstant on the surface of the earth is (very nearly) 32 2 ft sec2. GREEN CAR Environmentally friendly car GREENHOUSE The upper body of an automobile; the structureabove the beltline - glass, roof and supporting members. GRILLE Screen or protective structure located in front ofradiator. GROOVE A long, narrow, pavement gouge; a channel in thepavement made by a small, strong metal part being forced some distance alongthe surface while under great pressure. GROOVES (TIRES) Grooves are the spaces between two adjacent treadribs GROSS AXLE WEIGHT RATING Gross axle weight rating is the value specified bythe vehicle manufacturer as the load-carrying capacity of a single axle system,as measured at the tire-ground interfaces GROSS BIOMECHANICS The overall results of forces applied to abiological system   as a whole whichdefined the macroscopic response of the system.   For example, the overall motion of the arms, legs, torso, andhead as a result of impact forces. GROSS COMBINATION WEIGHT RATING Gross combination weight rating is the valuespecified by the manufacturer as the loaded weight of a combination vehicle GROSS CONTACT AREA The total area enclosing the pattern of the tiretread in contact with a flat surface, including the area of grooves or voids. GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT A measure of the money value of the goods andservices becoming available to the nation from economic activity. GROSS TON 2240 pounds. GROSS TON MILE The movement of a ton of transportation equipmentand contents a distance of one mile. GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT The total weight, including the weight of the basevehicle, all added equipment, driver and passengers, and all cargo loaded intoor onto the vehicle.   Actual weight maybe less than or greater than GVW. GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT RATING The gross vehicle weight rating is the valuespecified by the manufacturer as the loaded weight of a single vehicle   GVWR is an abbreviation for Gross VehicleWeight Rating GTW Gross train weight. Same as GCW. GUN Track torpedo used for signaling; also the injectorof a locomotive. GUSSETT Flat steel or aluminum plates tying incross-members to frame rails. GVW Gross Vehicle Weight. Total weight of fullyequipped truck and payload. GYPSY An independent truck operator who drives his owntruck and secures freight wherever he can or one who trip leases to authorizedcarriers. References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",40);arrFiles[7]=new Array(8,"H.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary H","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:44:00Z 2003-02-25T02:44:00Z 6 1437 8193 iintegration 68 16 10061 9.2720 H HALF CAB One-person cab usually located beside engine. HALO MOLDINGS Moldings that finish the edges of a vinyl roofcover when it does not extend to the windshield, backlight and door openings. HAND BRAKE The brake apparatus used to manually apply thebrakes on a car or locomotive. HAND HOLE Opening in the disc area of a wheel for the purposeof valve stem access to inside dual tire and chain application. Hard Brake Count The number of times a rapid deceleration of the vehicle had occurred on a trip (default hard brake threshold is 7mph/s Detroit, 9 MPH Cummins, default 0 CAT, Mack owner selectable). ( Detroit ) Hard Brake Limit ProDriver setup parameter for the deceleration threshold to trigger a hard brake incident. ( Detroit ) Hard Braking Latest hard braking incidents recorded up to five Incidents total ( Detroit ) HARD TRIM The parts of the interior which are not soft trim;I.e., ornaments, garnish moldings, script, appliques, etc. HARDTAIL Terminology used to describe a rear axle and wheelsupport without springs or shock absorbers. HARDTOP A term applied to any fixed roof with retractingwindow glass and no exposed B or middle pillar. HARSHNESS The high frequency (25-100 Hz) vibrations of thestructure and/or components that are perceived tactually and/or audibly. HATCHBACK Body styling where the backlight is included in thedeck lid or luggage compartment door. HATCHING Shading consisting of closely spaced parallel linesin a drawing, vertically, horizontally, or diagonally. HAZARD See situation hazard. HEAD END Beginning or forward portion of any train. HEAD MAN Brake man responsible for work done in connectionwith the forward section of the train and, when in transit, is stationed in thelocomotive. HEADER The structural member above the windshield at thejuncture with the forward edge of the roof panel. HEADING ANGLE The angle between the trace on the X-Y plane of thevehicle x-axis and the X-axis of the earth-fixed axis system.   HEADLINER The ceiling inside a vehicle, usually vinyl butsometimes cloth, or one piece processed panel board. HEAT EXCHANGER Radiator-type device for cooling self-containedfluid such as oil or water. HEAT SHIELD A protective guard to prevent air cushion materialburn-through. HEAT TREATMENT The process of heating and cooling a metalthroughout a temperature range for the purpose of obtaining certain desiredmechanical or physical properties. HEATER (switch) A device for melting snow at switches by means ofsteam, an electric current, gas jets or oil. HEATER CAR An insulted box car equipped with heating apparatusfor the protection of perishables. HEAVY TRUCK Includes 1) single unit truck with GVW greater than26,000 pounds., 2)tractor trailer combinations, 3) trucks with cargo trailersand 4) truck tractor pulling no trailer. HEEL-HARD The point directly beneath the heel of the rightfoot of the manikin on the normal metal floor surface. HELPER The auxiliary engine on a double-header. HELPER SPRING Additional spring device permitting great load onaxle. HEM FLANGE Metal joint formed by wrapping the outer metalsheet of a door, hood or decklid around the inner panel. HERTZ Unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second. HIGH CUBE A truck or trailer body with above-average cubicvolume. HIGH IRON (slang) Main line or high track of a system of mainline tracks. HIGH RAIL The outer or elevated rail of a curved track. HIGH SIDE A motorcycle up set condition that involves anextreme rolling and overturning motion of the motorcycle, where the upper partof the motorcycle leans laterally towards the direction of travel. HIGH SIDE GONDOLA CAR A gondola car with sides and ends over 36 incheshigh. HIGHBALL (slang)   Asignal given to proceed at maximum authorized speed. Highest RPM The highest Engine Speed reached on a Trip. ( Detroit ) Highest Speed The highest Vehicle Speed reached during a Trip. ( Detroit ) HIGHLIGHT Theoretically a path of light described by theintersection of curved surface and a line or plane becoming tangent to thatsurface at a constant angle usually 45 degrees. HIGHWAY The entire width between the boundary line of everyway publicly maintained when any part thereof is open to the use of the publicfor the purpose of vehicular travel; a street; a publicly maintainedtraffic-way. HIGHWAY PEGS An after market device mounted to the engine guardsor frame of a motorcycle for use as an additional foot rest by the operator. HIGHWAY USER FEE OR TAX A charge levied on persons or organizations basedon the use of public roads. Funds collected are usually applied toward highwayconstruction, reconstruction and maintenance. Examples include vehicleregistration fees, fuel taxes, and weight-distance taxes. HINGE LIMIT LINES The limits within which styling may vary bodysurface without requiring new hinges or door hardware. HIT-AND-RUN See evading responsibilities. HITCH, AIR A trailer-to-dolly hitch mechanism where all slackis taken up by admission of air to a suitable air chamber equipped mechanism. HMTA Hazardous Material Transportation Act HOB An engraved metal cavity, or female mold, fromwhich pressings are made. HOG (slang) Locomotive. HOG OUT The cut from solid stock. HOGGER or HOG HEAD (slang) Locomotive engineer. HOLD OPEN A device to hold the door in an open position.Present production used an arrangement of spring and cam on the door hinges. HOLD TRACK A track on which cars are held awaitingdisposition. HOLE (slang) Passing track enabling one train to passanother. HOLLOMAN TESTS Human volunteer tests of the ACRS on the daisy sledat Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico. HOME A location where a car is on the tracks of itsowner. HOME CAR A car on the tracks of its owner. HOME JUNCTION A junction with the home road. HOME ROAD The owning road of a railroad car. HOME ROUTE The return route of a foreign empty car to theowning road. HOME SIGNAL A fixed signal at the entrance to an interlockingblock to govern trains or engines entering and using that block. HOOD (Bonnet) A hinged panel providing access to theengine compartment. HOOK (slang) A crane used in wreck train service.   Also called Big Hook orWrecker. HOP The vertical oscillatory motion of a wheel betweenthe road surface and the sprung mass. HOPPER An open top car or trailer with one or more pocketsor hoppers opening on the under side of the unit to permit quick unloading ofbulk commodities. HOP-UP An upward change of direction of a surface or line. HORIZONTAL BODY   ZERO LINE Established in the initial design stages as thebase reference line for the horizontal lines of the body grid. HORN An air or electric powered device for producing asound for signaling. HORSEPOWER (hp) A measure of mechanical power or the rate at whichwork is done.   One horsepower equals33,000 ft/lbs. Of work per minute.   Itis the power required to raise 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. HORSEPOWER, BRAKE (bhp) Maximum power available from an engine as measuredby a dynamometer. HORSEPOWER, FRICTION(fhp) Power required to drive the engine as equippedduring power test. HORSEPOWER, GROSS The brake hp determined under conditions defined bydynamometer test of the stripped engine, that it, the brake horsepower of theengine with only those accessories and attachments necessary to the functioningof the engine during test. HORSEPOWER, INDICATED(ihp) Power developed in the cylinders and equal to thesum of the brake horsepower and the friction horsepower. HORSEPOWER, NET The brake horsepower delivered to the clutch, orits equivalent, with all accessories and attachments functioning (includingexhaust pipe, muffler and tail pipe) which are standard or regular equipment onthe engine as installed in the particular chassis. HORSEPOWER, SAE (NACC) Power rating for licensing purposes where:     hp = (B 2 x N)/2.5.     B = Bore of engine       N = No. of cylinders HOSTLER A fireman who operates light engines in designatedengine house territory and works under the direction of the engine houseforeman. HOSTLER \'S CONTROL A simplified throttle provided to move theB unit of a Diesel Locomotive not equipped with a regularengineer \'s control. HOT BOX An over heated journal caused by excessive frictionbetween bearing and journal, lack of lubricant or foreign matter. HOT BOX DETECTOR A wayside infer red sensing instrument fordetermining journal temperatures. HOT DEVELOPMENT The development of a pattern blank by trial errorcutting of blanks, using the form and flange dies in conjunction with thechecking fixture. This method is more accurate than a cold development. HOT SHOCK A ductile tungsten lamp filament, stretched, uncoiled,bowed or tangled.   Caused by theinertial force of a collision HOTCHKISS DRIVE Rear axle drive where driving force, thrust andtorque, are transmitted from the rear axle to the frame through the rearsprings. H POINT The pivot center of Oscar \'s (manikin)torso and thighs. H TO HEEL Distance in inches from H point toaccelerator heel point. HUB CAP A bright, decorative, circular metal disc coveringthe hub of the wheel, lug nuts, etc. (See disc and wheelcover) HUB MOUNT WHEEL Wheels that are designed to center on the hub atthe bore of the wheel. These wheels generally have straight-through bolt holes,since the bolt holes only supply clearance for the stud. Hub mount wheels areused with two-piece flange nuts. HUMP An incline in a railroad yard over which cars areuncoupled and allowed to roll free into a classification yard. HUNGRY HORSE Wire carrier read through. HY-CUBE CAR A boxcar of approximately 85 ft. Length and 10,000cu ft. Capacity designed for hauling automobile body stampings and otherlow-density freight. HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM A hydraulic brake system is a system that useshydraulic fluid as a medium for transmitting force from a service brake controlto the service brake, and that may incorporate a brake power assist unit, or abrake power unit. HYDROMETER An instrument used to test the specific gravity ofbattery fluid to determine the charge. HYDRO-PLANNING Hydroplaning occurs when tires rolling on the wetsurface of road reach speed where the tire becomes completely detached from theroad and skis along on a thin film of water. HYPOID GEAR Gear with diagonally positioned teeth. HYPOTENUSE The hypotenuse of a right triangle is the longest,or diagonal side of the triangle References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",56);arrFiles[8]=new Array(9,"I.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary I","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:45:00Z 2003-02-25T02:45:00Z 6 1437 8193 iintegration 68 16 10061 9.2720 I ICE BUNKER (refrigerator car) The compartment in which the ice is placed. ICING CHARGE A charge made for icing perishable freight. ICV Vent at forward end of door. Derived fromindividually controlled ventilation. ID Entry Type Setup parameter to select display data entry format in ProDriver. ( Detroit ) IDENTIFICATION Designation of a road location, a vehicle, aperson, or a traffic accident in such a manner as to positively distinguish itfrom all others of the same description.   Identification is often accomplished by a unique number such as avehicle identification number, registration number, or driver \'s license number. IDIOT LIGHTS Warning lights on an instrument panel which glowred when something in the engine goes wrong; e.g., low oil pressure. Idle Fuel The amount of fuel used while the engine was in Idle Mode. ( Detroit ) Idle Method There are three methods of detecting that the engine is in idle: ( Detroit ) 1. VSS Idle, where the engine is running but vehicle speed is less than a threshold (default value is 1.5 mph). 2. Idle Governor Idle, where the Idle Governor is in use. 3. RPM/Load Idle, where the engine is operating below an RPM threshold and below a percent engine load threshold. Idle Mode Engine operation which meets the conditions of the idle method chosen in Vehicle Parameters setup. ( Detroit ) Idle Percent The percentage of the total Trip Time the engine was in Idle Mode. ( Detroit ) IDLE TIME Trip Time spent in Idle Mode. ( Detroit ) Idle Time Limit Setup parameter for the excessive idle screen timer in ProDriver ( Detroit ) IDLER ARM The idler arm is a rod, connected at one end to theteas link and at the other end to a pivot point on the chassis.   The idler arm supports the end of the draglink opposite the pitman arm, and forms an image of the pitmanarm.   The idler arm, drag link, tierods, and steering knuckles comprise the steering linkage. IDLER CAR An unloaded flat car used to protect overhangingfreight. IGNITION INTERLOCK RELAY A normally closed relay which when energized by thesequencing module interrupts the starter circuit. IMPACT Impact is the meeting and the action of two bodiesin a collision that changes the velocity of either or both    When the two bodies first make contact at asingle point, deformation will take place at that point and will progressivelyspread until the two bodies eventually make contact over the maximum area IMPACT REGISTER An appliance placed in a car with a shipment whichis both a time clock and a measuring device to record the amount of shock thecar received enroute. IMPENDING SKID MARKS Left by a braked wheel rotating slower than theforward motion of the vehicle IMPORT To receive goods from a foreign country. IMPRESSION An imprint of a tire or shoe pattern in softmaterial; the tire pattern at the bottom of a rut. IMPRINT A mark on the road or other surface made withoutsliding by a rolling tire or a person \'s foot.   An imprint usually shows the pattern of the tire tread or shoe that madeit. IMPULSE A vector quantity whose direction   is that of the force (f) in theequation   f*t=s,   where t is the time the impulse acts, and isthe displacement.   Impulse is recordedas pound seconds (lb*s).   An impulsecauses a change in momentum. This change is equal to the impulse in bothmagnitude and direction.   f*t = m(vf -vi) IN BOUND Merchandise on which a duty or import tax is stilldue (unpaid) is referred to as an in bound.   Bonding guarantees that the duty will bepaid to the government. IN THE CLEAR When a train has passed over switch and frog so farthat another can pass it without damage, it is in the clear. IN THE HOLE (slang) A car or train in a siding. INADVERTENT ACTUATION Air cushion deployment in a non-accident condition,caused by a malfunction. Incident Record Data Last 120 seconds of data for; Time: Driver Incident 1:59 to 0:00, Hard Braking Incident 1:29 to +0:30, Last Stop Record 1:44 to +0: 15 ( Detroit ) Speed Vehicle speed in .5 mph resolution at the time marker RPM Engine speed at the of time marker. Brake Brake status at time of the marker. Clutch Clutch status at the time of the marker. Percent Load Percent load at time of the marker. Percent Throttle Percent throttle at time of the marker Cruise Mode Cruise status at the time of the marker. Alert Alerts active at time of the marker. INCLINATION ANGLE The angle between the Z \' axis and the wheel plane. INCOMPLETE COLLISION An incomplete collision is a collision between twoobjects in which there is no cessation of motion between areas of the collidingobjects that are in contact with one another. INDEPENDENT BRAKE VALVE (air brake) A brake valve for operating the locomotive brakesindependently of the train brakes. INDICATION The information conveyed by the aspect of a signal. INDUCED DAMAGE Damage to a vehicle other than contact damage.   Often indicated by crumpling, distortion,bending, and breaking.   Induced damageincludes damage done by another part of the same vehicle. Compare with contactdamage. INDUSTRIAL CARRIER; INDUSTRIAL LINE; OR INDUSTRIALROAD A short railroad owned or controlled by one or moreof the principal industries served by it. INERTIA The tendency of an object at rest to remain atrest, and of an   object in motion tocontinue in motion without a change in vector velocity. INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS Liquids that give off vapors which becomecombustible at a certain temperature. INFORMANT Any person who communicates information; not aninformer. INFORMATION Any knowledge received concerning a particularmatter, such as a traffic accident, from any source, regardless of thereliability of the knowledge. INITIAL CARRIER The transportation line that picks up a shipmentfrom the shipper; the first carrier. INITIAL CONTACT Initial contact is that point in the collisionsequence where two objects in collision first come into contact with oneanother    Collision forces at this pointare still zero. INITIAL POINT The location at which a shipment originates. INITIAL VELOCITY (vi): The velocity at the beginning of an event orsequence of events. INJECTION MOLDED Process used to produce plastic interior andexterior automotive parts. Parts are formed by injecting molten plastic into amold. INJECTOR A device found in a diesel engine that changesliquid fuel oil into a mist or spray and meters it to each cylinder. INJECTOR PUMP A pump used to deliver fuel to the injectors undervery high pressure. INJURED PERSON Person sustaining any type of injury as a result ofan accident, including injuries from non - impact forces. INJURY CRITERIA Specified maximum forces and/or accelerationsmeasured on anthropomorphic test devices during specific impacts. Refer tochest load, femur load, head injury criteria and severity index. INJURY RATE The ratio of the frequency of personal injuries orinjury accidents to the frequency of some exposure measure such as vehiclemiles, passenger miles, or all accidents. INLAND CARRIER A transportation line which hauls export or importtraffic between ports and inland points. INNER CUSHION A small, cylindrical, impermeable air cushion whichprevents occupant sub-marining. INSERT Reinforcing steel or aluminum channel sectionusually pressed within main frame rails. INSPECTION (vehicle) Checking over the vehicle parts andsystems for problems and malfunctions and to see that everything is in orderand in place.   Pre-trip inspection is athorough inspection done before the trip.   Enroute inspections are made periodically during the trip.   Post-trip inspections are done after thetrip, so that problems and malfunctions can be reported to maintenancepersonnel. INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY (v):   Theaverage   velocity for a time intervalthat approaches zero (0). INSTRUMENT PANEL The portion of the interior extending from door todoor directly in front of the driver, and containing primary gauges andcontrols for operating the vehicle. INSTRUMENTS Devices for indicating or measuring conditions,performance, position, direction, etc. INSULATED BODY Truck or trailer body designed for transportationof commodities at controlled temperatures.   It may be equipped for refrigeration, heating or both. INSULATED RAIL JOINT A rail joint which arrest the flow of electriccurrent from rail to rail as at the end of a track circuit, by means ofnonconductors separating rail ends and other metal parts. INSURANCE A contract binding a company to indemnify aninsured party against a specified loss or damage.   Motor carriers purchase many types of insurance, including cargoinsurance, property damage insurance, public liability insurance, and workmen \'scompensation insurance. INTAKE An opening in the surface to allow air to flow in,usually to cool brakes, engine, or occupants for passenger comfort. INTAKE MANIFOLD That part of the fuel system that carries the airor air fuel mixture to the cylinders. INTAKE PORTS Provide the connecting passages from the outside ofthe cylinder heads to the inside head openings (the velvet). INTAKE STROKE Phase of the four-stroke cycle when fuel and airenter the cylinder. INTAKE VALVES Valves used in an engine to admit air into thecombustion chambers of the cylinders. INTEGRAL Combined to act as a single unit. INTEGRAL BODY A body construction that integrates the frame intothe basic body structure such that chassis parts are attached directly to thebody metal. INTEGRATED BRAKING A system which uses a portion of the front brakecapability when the rear brake pedal is pushed. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT An electronic circuit with all of its componentsformed on a single miniature silicon   chip. INTEGRATION The blending of separate units into a unified orfunctioning whole. INTENDED COURSE The path that would have been followed by a trafficunit as a normal part of its trip had the situation hazard not led to evasivetactics or accident. Intensity ProDriver setup parameter to set the display brightness level ( Detroit ) INTER Between. INTERAXLE DIFFERENTIAL Gear device dividing power equally between axlesand compensating for unequal tire diameters. INTERAXLE DIFFERENTIAL LOCK See differential lock. INTERCEPT The point at which two straight lines, such as theextension of two roadway edges, cross each other; the apex of the angle formedby two straight lines which cross.   Alsocalled point of intersection. INTERCHANGE A system of interconnecting roadways in conjunctionwith one or more grade separations, providing for the movement of trafficbetween two or more roadways on different levels.   Compare with intersections and junction. INTERCHANGE POINT A station at which freight in the course oftransportation is delivered by one transportation line to another. INTERCHANGE TRACK A track on which freight is delivered by onerailroad to another. INTERCITY TRUCKING Trucking operations which carry freight beyond thelocal areas and commercial zones. INTERLINE FREIGHT Freight moving from point of origin to destinationover the lines of two or more transportation companies. INTERLINE WAYBILL A waybill covering the movement of freight over twoor more transportation lines. INTERLOCKING An arrangement of signals and switchesinterlocked in such a way that their movements must succeed eachother in a predetermined order so that a clear indication cannot be givensimultaneously on conflicting routs.   They are found at a crossing of two railroads, a drawbridge, a junction,or entering or leaving a terminal or yard. INTERLOCKING LIMITS The tracks between the extreme opposing homesignals of an interlocking direction of motion and the portion of the stroke ofthe piston during which steam is admitted to the cylinder. INTERMEDIATE CARRIER A carrier over which a shipment moves but on whichneither the point of origin nor destination is located. INTERMEDIATE POINT A location between two other points specificallynamed. INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION Transportation movement involving more than onemode, e.g., rail-motor, motor-air, or rail-water. INTERNAL BIOMECHANICS The response of the interior of a biological systemto externally applied forces.   Forexample, the amount of rib deflection resulting from impact. INTERNAL EXPANDING BRAKE A type of brake designed with the brake shoes onthe inside of the braking drum to expand against the inner surface of the drum. INTERROGATION Formally examining a suspect by questioning. INTERSECT The point at which two straight lines, such as theextensions of two roadway edges, cross; the apex of the angle formed by twostraight lines which cross.   Also calledpoint of intersection. INTERSECTION The area embraced within the prolongation orconnection of the lateral curb lines, or if none, then the lateral boundarylines of the roadway of two highways which join one another at, orapproximately at, right angles, or the area within which vehicles travelingupon different highways join at any other angle may come in conflict.   Where a highway includes two roadways thirtyfeet or more apart, then every crossing of each roadway of such divided highwayshall be regarded as a separate intersection.   In the event such intersecting highway also includes two roadways thirtyfeet or more apart, then every crossing of two roadways of such highway shallbe regarded as a separate intersection.   Compare with junction. INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT An act of Congress regulating the practices, ratesand rules of transportation lines engaged in handling interstate traffic. INTERSTATE TRAFFIC Traffic moving from a point in one state to a pointin another state or between points in the same state, but passing within orthrough another state enroute. INTRA Within INTRA PLANT SWITCHING The moving of cars from one track to another withina plant. INTRUSION The extent to which elements of the vehiclestructure intrude into the passenger compartment space as a result of impactforces.   The reduction in an interiordimension, due to door, footwell, or bulkhead intrusion. ISIR (Initial Sample Inspection Report) A specifiedformat for submitting initial samples to the OOEM for approval. Elements of anISIR include: Initial   Sample Warrant,sample parts, checked print, lab test results to OEM specifications,certification data, gauge studies, process capability results, process flowdiagrams, control plans and FMEAs. (Generic) - OEM Specific Initial Sample Names:Chrysler Corporation:   ISIR (InitialSample Inspection Report); Ford Motor Company:   ISR (Initial Sample Report;   General Motors Corporation:   GP-e(See GP-3) ISLR (Initial Sample Laboratory Report) The component ofthe initial sample submission that reports performance of product of OEMmaterial and engineering standards. (Generic) ISM Inside of Metal ISO (International Standards Organization) is aninternationally recognized organization that has established internationalstandards for quality assurance systems. ISO 9002 applies toproduction/manufacturing locations. Plants must be approved and registered toenable suppliers to do business in the newly formed European EconomicCommunity. ISR (Initial Sample Report, Ford) See definition ofISIR. ITERATIVE METHOD Any process of successive approximation used insuch problems as numerical solution of algebraic equations References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",64);arrFiles[9]=new Array(10,"J.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary J","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:45:00Z 2003-02-25T02:45:00Z 2 300 1710 iintegration 14 3 2100 9.2720 J J1587 Timeouts Number of times the J1587 data link to ProDriver was disrupted. ( Detroit ) JACK 1) Mechanical lifting device to raise chassis forrepairs or tire changes. 2) (slang) Locomotive. JACK KNIFE (1) To place the trailer at a sharp angle to thetractor; (2) a type of skid in which either the tractor or trailer losestraction and slides sideways JACK SHAFT An intermediate driving shaft. JACKING Turning a tractor while backing so as to cause thetrailer to assume a Jackknife position.   Combines with chasing to allow the trailer to besteered along the prescribed path.   Seechasing. JACKING IT AROUND Backing a semi-trailer around a very sharp curve. JAKE BRAKE (Slang)   TheJacob engine brake.   Used as an auxiliarybraking device on a tractor.    Builds upback pressure in the engine by preventing the exhaust from escaping so that theengine slows. JAM BUSTER Assistant yardmaster. JANNY To couple. JEEP WHEEL See Joe dog. JINGLE LINE Weld line weld gun area, after body framing. JOB NO. 1 The date on which volume production is initiated atthe affected Assembly Plants. JOE DOG Device with a dead axle that converts a single axletractor to a tandem axle tractor.   Ithooks over the tractor \'s fifth wheel, replacing it with another for the semi tobe hooked onto. JOHNSON BAR Type of pry bar used to maneuver heavy cargo. JOINED THE BIRDS (slang) To jump from a moving train when collisionis imminent. JOINT A length of rail, usually thirty-three feet. Toride to a joint is to bring cars together so that they are coupled. JOUNCE Jounce is the upward travel of the vehicle wheelagainst the spring and shock absorber, measured from the normal staticposition. JOUNCE CLEARANCE Clearance between wheel and wheel house. JUGGLER Brakeman who must load and unload less than carloadlots at way stations. JUMPED THE PIN Missing the fifth wheel pin on the trailer whencoupling tractor to trailer. JUNCTION The general area where two or more highways join orcross, within which are included the roadway and roadside facilities fortraffic movement in the area.   Ajunction may include several intersections of roadways. References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",15);arrFiles[10]=new Array(11,"K.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary K","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:47:00Z 2003-02-25T02:47:00Z 2 594 3391 iintegration 28 6 4164 9.2720 K KAMM BACK Body styling similar to station wagon where onlythe rear window opens, and there is no tailgate door. KC (Key Control Characteristics) A process parameterfor which variation must   be controlledaround a target value. (GM derived) KCDS (Key Characteristics Designation System) is the GMdocument that defines a common   systemfor the identification and documentation of Key Product Characteristics andtheir related Key Control Characteristics. System purpose is to aid in theeconomical manufacture of quality products. KEELEY A small tank containing water which is hung on theside of a car and attached by a hose to the journal box when there is a hotbox. KELLER SET-UP A hard plaster taken off the wood model tipped indie position and used to guide the tracer of a Keller machine. KERF A cut or notch   relief. KICK To uncouple a car or cars while in motion, allowingthem to roll to a stop. KICKER Triple valve in defective order which throwsairbrakes into emergency when service application is intended. KICK-PAD The area along   the bottom of a door interior, which is likely to be scuffed whengetting in and out of a car. KINEMATICS Kinematics is that branch of engineering or physicswhich studies the geometry of motion, or how things move, with little or noreference to the forces that cause the motion KINETIC ENERGY (ke):   Defined as the ability of a body to do work due to position ormotion.   The amount of energyrepresented by a moving mass.   Energyand work are essentially the same thing, so one foot pound-force is the amountof work done to raise a mass of one pound one foot.   Thus a 2000 lb. car moving at 30 M.P.H. has a kinetic energy ofabout 60,124 foot pounds. KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATION (ker): Given by the relation   ker = (I*w^2)/2 where I is the moment ofinertia of a mass about   an axiswhen   the mass is   rotating about that axis with angularvelocity w. Ke is reported in ft*lb. KINETICS The study of all aspects of motion including bothkinematics and dynamics. KING SEAT AND QUEEN SEAT A non stock seat on which the operator sits in alower position that the passenger. KINGPIN INCLINATION The angle in front elevation between the steeringaxis and the vertical. KINGPIN OFFSET Kingpin offset at the ground is the horizontaldistance in front elevation between the point where the steering axisintersects the ground and the center of tire contact.   The kingpin offset at the wheel center is the horizontal distancein front elevation from the wheel center to the steering axis. KINGPINS The bolt-like device on the underside of the frontof a semi-trailer that fits into the tractor \'s fifth wheel to couple thetractor and the trailer together.   Kingpin weight   of the trailer atthe kingpin or the trailer weight applied to the fifth wheel. KNEE BRACE A stiffening piece used to reinforce two members ofa structure that meet at right angles. KNEE CUSHION See inner cushion. KNOCKED DOWN A freight classification term denoting that an articleis partially or entirely taken apart (not set up).   Abbreviated KD. KNOCKOFFS (Knockoff hubs) Large wing-nut used to retain awheel for rapid attachment or removal of racing wheels. Sometimes ornamentalonly. KNOWN DAMAGE Damage discovered before or at the time of deliveryof a shipment. KNOWN LOSS Loss discovered before or at the time of deliveryof a shipment. laden weight   The weightof a vehicle and its cargo.   See grossweight. KNUCKLE The pivoting hook-like casting that fits into thehead of a coupler and rotates about a vertical pin to either the open position(to engage a mating coupler) or to the closed position (when fully engaged). KNUCKLE PIN The pin holding the knuckle in the jaws of thecoupler.   Sometimes called the pivotpin. KNUCKLE THROWER A device which throws the knuckle of a car openwhen the uncoupling lever is operated. KPC (Key Product Character) is a product characteristicfor which reasonably anticipated variation could significantly affect theproduct \'s safety, compliance to government standards, or cause customerdissatisfaction. (GM derived)",20);arrFiles[11]=new Array(12,"L.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary L","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:46:00Z 2003-02-25T02:46:00Z 6 1931 11010 iintegration 91 22 13521 9.2720 L 11587 Timeout The engine hours at the start of the most recent 11587 engine hour timeout. ( Detroit ) 11587 Timeout The total duration of all 11587 timeouts, in HH:MM:SS . Duration format. ( Detroit ) LADDER The main track of a yard from which individualtracks lead off.   This track is alsocalled a lead track. LADEN OR LADING That which constitutes a full load, the freight ina vehicle. LANDAU BAR A decorative, S-shaped ornament located on the :C:pillar surface. Originally a functional S-curved hinge that allowed the rearpart of the roof of a horse-drawn carriage to be folded down. LANDING GEAR A slang term for the support legs that hold up thefront end of a semi trailer when it is disconnected from a tractor.   See dolly. LANDING SCARS Any gouge, scrape, furrow, etc.   Indicating the landing point of a vehicleafter a flip or vault LANE LINE A line separating two lanes of traffic traveling inthe same direction. LAP WELD Usually refers to resistance spot welding onoverlapping flanges. LAST CONTACT The final touching of objects in a collision beforeseparation; the time and place on a traffic unit or trafficway where thistouching occurs.   If colliding objectsdo not separate, there is no last contact. Last Stop Last Stop occurs when the vehicle comes to a stop for 15 seconds or longer. ( Detroit ) LATCH (switch stand) A device for catching and holding the lever of aswitch stand in position; also called a switcher keeper. LATERAL ACCELERATION The sideward acceleration of a vehicle in ahorizontal plane and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of thevehicle.   The component of the vectoracceleration of a point in the vehicle perpendicular to the vehicle x-axis andparallel to the road plane.   LATERALAXIS The lateral axis is the axis that extends from theleft to the right and through the center of mass of a vehicle    The lateral axis is perpendicular to thelongitudinal axis    The lateral axis isalso known as the Pitch axis    Rotationabout the lateral axis is considered to be in a clockwise direction when the frontof the vehicle initially begins rotation in a downward direction. LATERAL DISTANCE (dlat):    Adisplacement   perpendicular to   the direction   of travel. LATERAL FORCE The lateral direction with respect to a vehicle isthe sideways direction   The lateraldirection is parallel to the y-axis.   The lateral force is that portion of the friction force on the tireswhich is directed perpendicular to the vehicle centerline. LATERAL MOTION The motion, crosswise of the track, of all carparts except the wheels and axles.   Thelateral motion, or end play, results from the flexibility which must beprovided in truck structure in order to permit easy and safe negotiation oftrack curves. LATERAL VELOCITY lateral velocity   of a point in the vehicle is the component of the vector velocityperpendicular to the x-axis and parallel to the road plane. LAWFUL RATE A rate published in conformity with the provisionsof the regulatory law and which does not violate any other provisions of suchlaw. LAYDOWN SIDE FRAME An automatic single tool system used to manufacturethe body side assembly employing a carry-and-drop shuttle, automatic partlocating and clamping, and spot welding performed with robots. LAYOVER To take a rest period of eight or more hours beforecontinuing trip, or any extended off-duty period away from the home terminal. LAYOVER TIME The non-working time that a road driver spends awayfrom his home terminal before being dispatched to some other destination. LEAD TRACK An extended track connecting either end of a yardwith main track. LEAD-ACID BATTERY A commonly used automotive battery in which theactive materials are lead, lead peroxide, and a solution of sulfuric acid.   See storage battery. LEAF SPRING A leaf spring is   an assembly of one   or more long,thin, pieces of flat or slightly curved material (usually steel)    The spring is capable of deforming in adirection perpendicular to the plane of the leaves    A leaf spring develops internal forces primarily owing tobending deformations of the material. LEAN A deviation from the vertical plane (along the xaxis) of a motorcycle.   The measurementof this deviation is expressed in degrees.   The angle of the lean is 0 degrees when the motorcycle is in an uprightposition.   Sometimes referred to as theroll angle. LESS THAN CAR / TRAILER LOAD The quantity of freight less than required for theapplication of a full car / trailer rate. LESS THAN CAR / TRAILER LOAD RATE A rate applicably to a less than full loadshipment. LEVEL I Basic spec of vehicle customer definition. LEVEL II Engraving spec detail requirement (system test). LEVEL III Component/Material Spec. LEVELS OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION: 1. Reporting;    2. At scene extra data collection;   3. Technical follow up;   4.Professional reconstruction;   5. Causeanalysis LEVER ARM The perpendicular distance from the axis of rotationto the line   of action of theforce.   Lever arm is also known asmoment arm. LEVERAGE This mechanical advantage obtained by use of alever or combination of levers. LIFT Lift is that force owing to a flow of a fluidaround a body which acts perpendicular to the flow    For example, if a wind is directed against the front of úvehicle, then one of the forces it exerts on the vehicle acts upward--it tendsto lift the vehicle off the ground    That force is called the Lift. LIFTOVER HEIGHT The height to which luggage or other cargo must belifted to stow in trunk or rear compartment. LIGHT ENGINE An engine moving without caboose or cars attached. LIGHT TRUCK AND VAN (LTV) includes pickups, vans, and truck basedstation wagons with GVW less than 10,000 pounds. LIGHT WEIGHT The weight of an empty freight car. LIGHTER A flat bottom boat usually used in inlandwaterways. LIGHTERAGE LIMITS The limits of the area within which freight ishandled by lighters or barges under certain lightering charges, rules andregulations. LIGHTERING The hauling of freight on lighters or barges. LIMITED INVESTIGATION Any collision investigated by the team in which theteams investigation report is supplemental to an original report. LIMITED SPEED Not exceeding 45 miles per hour. LIMITED-SLIP DIFFERENTIAL Mechanical action which resists the free working ofan ordinary differential, thus distributing a greater torque to theslower-turning wheel or axle. LINE DIES Operations which follow the draw operationsconsisting of various combinations of spanking, trimming, forming, flangingand/or piercing. May also refer to the tooling for parts that do not require a drawdie. LINE FILL Assembly plant fill lines with next productionbodies prior to shut down (utilizing advance metal) LINE HAUL The movement of freight between major cities orterminals.   Line haul operations do notinclude pick-ups or deliveries.   Linehaul service is also commonly referred to as over-the-road   (abbreviated OTR) operations orruns. LINE OF IMPACT She line of impact is the normal which is common totwo surfaces in contact    Normal in this context means perpendicular to another line,or at right angles to it LINEAR Having one dimension and relating to straight lines LINEAR ACCELERATION Linear acceleration is the acceleration (whetheruniform or non uniform) of a body (or vehicle) which moves in a straight line. LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS Changes in position can be described in twoways.   They can be described withreference to three directions or planes at right angles to each other; x, y,and z.   For example, a car going down astraight road is moving in the x direction.   If it turns towards the edge of the road, it moves in the ydirection.   If it goes over a hump backbridge it moves upward in the z direction.   Alternatively changes in position can be defined by a radius from afixed point and the angle of that radius from a fixed reference.   Angular measurements are most useful indescribing attitudes or changes in positions of objects which have finite sizesuch as a car or an occupant.   Forexample, the spinning of a car can be described in terms of the linear velocityof its center of gravity moving down the highway, and the rotation of the carabout its center of gravity in terms of angular displacement measured indegrees, and angular velocity measured in degrees (or radians) per second.   (2   radians equal 360 degrees, so 1 radian equals 57.3 degrees.) LINEAR MOMENTUM   Avector   quantity which is the   product of a body \'s   mass (m) and its velocity.   The direction is that of the velocity.   The unit of momentum is the slug ft/sec. LINKAGE System of links or levers joined to transmit motionor force. LIP MOLDING A bright molding applied to the sheet metal aroundthe edge of a wheel opening. LIQUID DEBRIS Scattered liquids from a vehicle or its cargo;spatter, dribble, puddle, runoff and soak-in. LIVE AXLE Same as drive axle or powered axle. LIVE STOCK CAR A special freight car for handling of live stockanimals. LIVESTOCK BODY Truck or trailer designed for the transportation offarm animals. Load The percentage of power output where 0% is idle and 100% is full load in gear. ( Detroit ) LOAD DISTRIBUTION Distribution of load on truck or trailer chassis. LOAD FLOOR The cargo bearing floor in wagon and folding secondseat style bodies. LOAD LIMIT The maximum load in pounds which the car or traileris designed to carry. LOAD RANGE A letter designation that indicates the loadpermissible on the tire. LOADED POSITION Car height with 750-pound load. LOADED RADIUS (R )   is thedistance from the center of tire contact to the wheel center measured in thewheel plane. LOCAL RATE A rate applying between stations located on thesame railroad or carrier. LOCAL WAY BILL A way bill covering the movement of freight over asingle carrier. LOCK RING In three-piece wheel rims, the lock ring holds theside ring firmly on the rim base. LOCKED WHEEL SKID MARK A skid mark left by a braked, non-rotating wheelsliding in contact with the road surface. LOCKING CLIP A device used in conjunction with a child car seatto restrict the vehicle seat belt from slipping through the buckle. LOCOMOTIVE See engine. LOG BODY Truck or trailer body designed for thetransportation of long items.   See poletrailer. LOG BOOK Drivers \' book records of hours, routes, etc.Required by I.C.C. LONG TON 2,240 pounds.   Also called gross ton. LONGER COMBINATION Usually refers to double 40-foot trailers or triple27-foot trailers coupled to tractor. LONGITUDINAL Longitudinal means parallel to the longitudinalcenter line of the vehicle. LONGITUDINAL ACCELERATION The component of the vector acceleration of a pointin the vehicle in the x-direction. LONGITUDINAL AXIS The axis extending from the rear to the front andthrough the center of mass of an object    The longitudinal axis of a motor vehicle will be parallel to itssides.   For use in the generaldescription of vehicle dynamics, the longitudinal axis may be considered theroll axis of the vehicle.   Rotation tothe drivers right, about the longitudinal axis, is considered to be clockwiserotation. LONGITUDINAL FORCE COEFFICIENT (C x)   isbased on the aerodynamic force acting on the vehicle in the x direction. LONGITUDINAL SLIP (percent slip)   The ratio of the longitudinal slip velocity to the spin velocity of thefree straight-rolling tire expressed as a percentage.   NOTE:   This quantityshould not be confused with the slip number that frequently appears in kinematicanalysis of tires in which the spin velocity appears in the denominator. LONGITUDINAL SLIP VELOCITY The difference between the spin velocity of thedriven or braked tire and the spin velocity of the straight free-rollingtire.   Both spin velocities are measuredat the same linear velocity at the wheel center in the X \' direction.   A positive value results from drivingtorque. LONGITUDINAL VELOCITY (u)   of apoint in the vehicle is the component of the vector velocity in thex-direction. LORRY A small four wheel push car used in railroadconstruction and maintenance work for moving rails, ties, etc. LOUVER A fin that controls the flow of air through andopening in cab, hood radiator sheet, or compartment for the purpose ofventilating. May also be non-functional in a simulated opening. LOW BED An open trailer with drop frame construction usedpet merrily to haul heavy equipment.   Also known as flat bed or low boy. LOW BOY See low bed. LOW CAB FORWARD A tractor with the cab mounted forward of theengine to allow cab entry height to be reduced for ease of entry and exit. LOW RAIL The inner rail of a curve which is maintained atgrade while the opposite or outer rail is elevated. LOW SIDE GONDOLA A gondola car with sides and ends thirty six incheshigh or less. LOW-AIR-WARNING DEVICE Any mechanical means of warning a truck driver thathis vehicle is not maintaining the proper amount of air pressure needed tooperate the brakes, etc.   Can be abuzzer, a flashing red light on the instrument panel, or a small red metal flagthat drops into the driver \'s line of vision. LOWER BACK PANEL Portion of body sheet metal below rear edge ofdecklid. LOW-PRESSURE INDICATOR A unit or combination of units that provides a visibleor audible warning signal whenever the system pressure is below a predeterminedvalue. LOW-PROFILE RADIAL Aspect ratio of 80 (or 75) or less. LPG Liquefied petroleum gas, used as engine fuel. LUMBER BODY Platform truck or trailer body with rollersdesigned for the transportation of lumber. LUMINANCE The state or quality of being luminous.   Also called luminosity, the quality orcondition of radiating or reflecting light. References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",63);arrFiles[12]=new Array(13,"M.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary M","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:48:00Z 2003-02-25T02:48:00Z 8 2026 11549 iintegration 96 23 14182 9.2720 M MAGS A wheel cast in magnesium, then machined forattachment to hub, etc. Used primarily for racing because of extremely lightweight, but sometimes used or simulated to add a racy appearance. MAIN FRAMING See Body Framing MAIN IRON (Slang) Main track. MAIN RESERVOIR (air brake) A tank on an engine for storing the main airsupply.   So called in distinction fromthe auxiliary reservoirs under each car. MAIN TRACK A designated track upon which trains are operatedby timetable, train order, or both, or the use of which is governed by blocksignals. Maintenance Visual Reminder When any maintenance limit has been approached within a preset percentage, the Check Engine Light will blink, six times each time the ignition key is turned from off to o n. ( Detroit ) MANIFEST A document describing a shipment or the contents ofa vehicle or ship. MANIFOLD The connector which ducts the gas from the inflatorto the diffuser and air cushion assembly. MANNER OF COLLISION Applies to accidents in which the first harmfulevent was a collision between two motor vehicles in transport and is identifiedas one of the following;   1) angle: acollision of the front of one vehicle with the side or corner of another.   2) Head-on:   a collision of the front end of one vehicle with front end of anothervehicle while the two are traveling in   opposite directions. 3) sideswipe:   a collision of two vehicles in which the sides of both vehiclessustained minimal engagements, 4) other: any collision not classifiable as oneof the above. MANUAL BLOCK SIGNAL SYSTEM A block signal system wherein the use of each blockis governed by block signals controlled manually. MANUFACTURING FEASIBILITY The acknowledgment by Manufacturingthat proposed Engineering part designs and product material specifications willpermit volume manufacture consistent with product engineering requirements, andthat full consideration has been given to program time in, quality controlobjectives, available facilities and tooling, and the use of provenmanufacturing techniques, methods and processes. MARKED CAPACITY The carrying capacity of a car as marked orstenciled on the car. MARKER Front and rear signals of a train (flags or lamps). MARKER LIGHTS Also called clearance or running lights.   See clearance lights. MARKS Letters, numbers, and or characters placed on apackage for purposes of identification. Memorandum bill of lading,   A duplicate copy of a bill of lading. MASH WELD Type of butt weld similar to Foil Weldexcept that the panels overlap slightly and no foil is used. MASS (m): The ability of an object   to resist a change of vector velocity   when acted upon by external forces.   The ability of an object to exert anattractive force upon another object.   Weight divided by gravity MATCH CHECK Checking of the fit-up of detail parts by looselyassembling body-in-white components in a balloon   checking fixture. MATCH-MERGE A direct, mechanical releasing of current modelyear components into a carry-over, forward year model. MATS (Material and Toxicology System). Documents theMaterials Engineering approval and toxicology clearance of materials. (Fordderived) MAXIMUM BRAKE HORSEPOWER Maximum brake horsepower is the maximum poweroutput of an engine.   It occurs at aparticular running speed and throttle setting. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT Greatest penetration of one body, such as avehicle, by another during a collision; instant of greatest force betweencolliding objects; time and place of this occurrence; position of bodies withrespect to each other at this instant. MAXIMUM LOAD Maximum load is the maximum payload weight whichmay be loaded onto a vehicle (a truck or trailer)    It does not include the unladen weight of the vehicle MAXIMUM LOAD RATING (tire)   Maximum load rating is the load rating to the maximum permissibleinflation pressure for that tire MAXIMUM LOADED VEHICLE WEIGHT Maximum loaded vehicle weight is the sum of theunladen weight and the maximum load.   (A) Curb weight;   (B) Accessoryweight;   © Vehicle empty weight   and;   (D) Production options weight MBD (Major Build Document) Step by Step processdefinition. MCPHERSON SUSPENSION The McPherson suspension is a type of automotivesuspension that utilizes only a single control arm and a single ball joint    The spring in this type of suspension iscompressed between the lower control arm and an attachment to the frame or bodyof the vehicle MEAN DECELERATION A second parameter important in describing theseverity of a crash is the mean or average deceleration of the undeformedsection of the car.   A car may crashinto a concrete barrier or into a utility pole at 30 M.P.H.   In each case the Delta V is the same.   But in hitting the barrier the car may crush2 feet giving an average deceleration of 15 g \'s.   In hitting the pole it may crush 4 feet, giving an averagedeceleration of 7.5 g \'s. MEAT RACK (refrigerated car) The supports near the ceiling from which meat issuspended.   Also called beef rail. MECHANICAL A vehicle which includes a chassis intended for aspecific program release. Unless otherwise specified, the chassis will carrythe intended engine and driveline components for the same intended program.Body and sheet metal may be of current production nature, modified only to theextent necessary to adapt to that chassis. The dash panel and floor pan will beas intended for the specific program release unless otherwise specified.(Normally 19 months prior to Job #1.) MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY The ratio between the brake horsepower and theindicated or total horsepower. MECHANICAL REFRIGERATOR A car equipped with a diesel powered refrigeratingunit under thermostatic control. MECHANICS The analysis of the action of forces on matter ormaterial systems. MECHANICS START A feature of the ignition interlock system whichenables starting of the vehicle regardless of belt conditions if no one issitting in any front seating position. MEDIAN The portion of a highway separating the roadwaysfor traffic in opposite directions.   Ifthe median is more than about 100 feet (30m), the area is usually considered asroadside. MEDIUM SPEED Not exceeding 30 miles per hour. MEDIUM TRUCK Any single unit truck with a GVW between 10,000 and26,000 pounds. MERCHANDISE CAR A car containing several less-than-car loadshipments. METAL DRAFT (Plate) A pointed metal sheet, usually aluminum, onwhich layouts are drawn for accuracy. METAL SCRAPES Caused by sheet body metal or other body partsbeing dragged across the surface with little pressure METAL SCRATCHES Caused by sheet body metal or other body metalbeing dragged lightly over the surface area. METAL TO METAL POSITION (compression)   The point of maximum compression travel limited by interference ofsubstantially rigid members. METAL TO METAL POSITION (rebound)   The point of maximum rebound travel limited by interference ofsubstantially rigid members. MEXICAN OVERDRIVE Kicking vehicle out of gear on downgrade. MIDDLE ORDINATE   (mo): Theperpendicular distance from the mid-point of a chord to the circumference. MIG WELDING Metal insert gas arc welding where the consumableelectrode provides the filler and the weldment is shielded from contamination   by a jet of inert gas. MILE 5,280 feet. Also called statute mile, a unit ofdistance on land in English speaking countries equal to 5280 feet, or 1760yards.   2. Also called nautical mile,geographical mile, or sea mile, a unit of distance officially fixed in GreatBritain at 6080 feet and formally fixed in the US at 6080.2 feet, but nowofficially replaced in the US by the International nautical mile.   3. Also called international nautical mileor international air mile, a unit of distance in sea and air navigation equalto 1.852 kilometers, or 6076.1033 feet.   4. any of various other units of distance or length at different periodsand in different countries.   Cf. Romanmile, Swedish mile.   [ME; OE mil < Lmilia (passuum) a thousand (paces)] MILEAGE Distance in miles. MILLING IN TRANSIT The stopping of grain, lumber, etc, at pointlocated between the points of origin and destination for the purpose ofmilling. MINI (Slang) Less than 100-pound shipment. MINI GATE Partial side frame used as stand-by for automaticfront end assembly fixture on underbody automatic line. MINI WELD Welding two metals less than .035 using lightweight weld gun with small electric tips. MINIMUM RATE The lowest lawful rate that may be charged fortransporting a shipment. MIRROR BUTTON Metal or plastic pad that is bonded to the insideof a windshield/windscreen as the attachment for a rear view mirror. (1) MIS, (3) MIS 1 Month-in-service Reports, 3 Months,etc. MIXED TRUCKLOAD A truckload of different freight articles combinedinto a single shipment. MOBOT Trade name for a modularized robot utilizing fromone to nine different axes. MODE Frequently used to refer to the basic divisions ofthe transportation industry.   The principalmodes of transportation are truck, rail, air and water. MODESTY PANEL Sheet metal below bumpers that conceals chassismembers. Also called modesty skirt. MODIFIER A circumstance that alters an attribute permanentlyor temporarily. MODULAR ASSEMBLY Method of body assembly where operations areconfined to joining a few large modules rather than individual parts. MOHAWK Portion of vehicle roof between the two roofditches. MOISTURE-RELEASE VALVE A valve in the air line that emits some air eachtime the brakes of the tractor are applied.   Prevents water and moisture from collecting in the air system. MOLD The form from which an object receives its formwhen cast. MOLDING A strip of material, either sunken or projected andusually decorative. MOMENT OF INERTIA A measure of the rotational inertia of a body. MOMENTS   The external moments acting on the vehicle can besummed into one moment vector having the following components: MOMENTUM Momentum is the product of the mass of a movingobject and the velocity of the object    momentum is a vector quantity MOMENTUM, CONSERVATION OF The principle that when a system of masses issubject only to internal forces that the masses of the system exert on oneanother the total vector momentum of the system is constant. MONKEY MOTION Glass drop motion where direction abruptly changesone or more times to clear body structure. MOPED A motor powered bicycle. MOT Ministry of Transport (Canadian Safety Agency) MOTIF Main theme of design or creative arrangement. MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. AIM MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. All MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. CR MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. CVIS MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. DII MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. DIM MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. DOT MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. DRI MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. DRM MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. EHI MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. ESM MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. FMCSA MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. FMCSR MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. HAZMAT MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. HMR MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. HMRI MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. HMRM MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. ISS MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. ISTEA MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. MCMIS MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. MCSAP MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. MCSIP MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. MVM MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. NGA MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. OOS MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. PCAP MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. PRISM MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. PU MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. RAI MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. RAR MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. RC MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. RSPA MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. SafeStat MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. SEA MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. SMRI MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. SMRM MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. VII MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. VIM MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. VMT MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. VRI MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. VRM MOTOR CARRIER ABREV. W1 MOTOR VEHICLE Any vehicle, self-propelled or drawn by mechanicalpower, designed for operation on the highways or natural terrain in thetransport ion of property or passengers. MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT An accident involving a motor vehicle in transport,but not involving aircraft or watercraft. MOTOR VEHICLE IN TRANSPORT A motor vehicle on a roadway or in motion within atrafficway. MOTORCYCLE A two or three wheeled motor vehicle designed totransport one or two persons, so positioned to straddle a seat. MOTOR-VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT Any motor vehicle accident that occurs on atrafficway or that occurs after the motor vehicle runs off the roadway butbefore events are stabilized. MOUSE A T shaped marking tool used by claymodelers. One end is beveled and pointed; the other end fits into atwo-to-four-foot wooden handle. MPH (miles per hour) English unit of velocity. MRD Material Required Date MS (Material Standards) See (ES-M) MTS (Master Timing Schedule) Chrysler corporate-widetiming schedule for major events leading up to production. MUCKET Term used for sealing front door to front bodyhinge pillar; tailgate and glass to body back opening pillar. MUFFLER Expansion chamber used to muffle the noise ofcombustion. MULTI UNIT ACCIDENT A traffic accident in which more than two trafficunits are involved in a collision, one with another, but before there is astabilized accident situation. MULTI-PIECE RIM A rim consisting of more than one part. Usually twopieces (rim base and side ring), or three pieces (rim base, side ring and lockring.) MULTIPLE FLASH Two or more photo flashes made in sequence fromdifferent positions to increase the illuminated field in a nightphotograph.   The camera lens may becovered or the shutter closed in-between flashes. Commonly called Paintingwith light. MULTI-STOP BODY Fully enclosed truck body with driver \'s compartmentdesigned for quick, easy entrance and exit. MUTUAL CRUSH The total amount of crush distance shared betweentwo vehicles in a collision.   Forexample, in an interstate collision the front of one car strikes the side ofanother.   The front of the striking carcrushes one foot and the side of the struck car crushes two feet.   The mutual crush is then three feet so thatthe undeformed parts of each car have their velocity changes over a distance ofthree feet. MVMA Motor Vehicle Manufacturers   Association MVSS (Motor Vehicle Safety Standard) US Governmentstandard regulating the safety requirements to which all vehicles sold in theU.S. must comply. MY Model Year MYTD Model Year-To-Date References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",76);arrFiles[13]=new Array(14,"N.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary N","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:48:00Z 2003-02-25T02:48:00Z 4 967 5514 iintegration 45 11 6771 9.2720 N NAEPIS North American Engineering Parts Inquiry System NARROW GAGE (track) When the distance between the heads of the rails isless than 4 \' 8.   See Board gage,Standard gage, and gage of track. NATURAL FREQUENCY Natural frequency of a body of system is afrequency of free vibration. NATURALLY ASPIRATED Refers to a diesel engine in which the charge airenters the cylinders by atmospheric pressure, I.e., 101.2kPa (14.7 psi), whichis known as 1 atmosphere. NEGATIVE PROOF Proof that an event or sequence of events couldnot   have occurred. NESTED Packed one within another net ton 2,000 pounds.Also called a short ton. NET CONTACT AREA The area enclosing the pattern of the tire tread incontact with a flat surface, excluding the area of grooves or otherdepressions. NET HOLE DOOR CONCEPT A process using precision pierced holes in the doorhinge which align to precisely located topping plates on the body for anon-adjustable door installation. Process can be applied to other modularassembly installations. NET TON 2,000 pounds. NET TON MILE The movement of a ton of freight one mile. NET WEIGHT (a) The weight of an article clear of packing andcontainer   (b) as applied to atruckload, the weight of the entire contents of the truck. NEUTRAL SAFETY SWITCH A switch which completes the starter circuit andthe backup lamp circuit and provides power to the belt warning system,depending on which gear the driver selects. NEUTRAL STABILITY Neutral stability exists at a prescribed trim if,for any small temporary change in disturbance or control input, the resultingmotion of the vehicle remains close to, but does not return to, the motiondefined by the trim. NEUTRAL STEER A vehicle is neutral steer at a given trim if theratio of the steering wheel angle gradient to the overall steering ratio equalsthe Ackerman steer angle gradient. NEUTRAL STEER LINE The set of points in the x-z plane at whichexternal lateral forces applied to the sprung mass produce no steady-state yawvelocity. NEUTRAL STEER POINT The neutral steer point is the hypothetical pointabout which the tire lateral forces are balanced NEWTON \'S FIRST LAW An un-accelerated body remains un-acceleratedunless   it is caused to change thatstate by forces exerted on it by the environment. NEWTON \'S SECOND LAW The acceleration of a particle is equal to theratio of the net force acting on the particle to the internal mass of theparticle.   A =f/m NEWTON \'S THIRD LAW To every action there is always an opposed equalreaction. The action forces and reaction forces are on different bodies. NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 95 PERCENTILE MANIKIN Two or three dimensional manikin of the human bodywith dimensions as large as 95 percent of the population. NOMOGRAPH A chart on which three or more scales are arrangedso that a straight line drawn through values on any two will cross the third ata corresponding value; nomograph; a graphic calculator. NON-CENTRAL COLLISION A non-central collision is a collision between twovehicles, or a vehicle and a fixed object, in which the principle force is notdirected through the centers of mass of the involved vehicles NON-COLLISION Includes, but not limited to; overturn,jack-knifing, fire / explosion, gas inhalation, a fall from a vehicle, aninjury inside a vehicle not associated with a collision. NON-FIXED OBJECT Objects that are moveable or moving but are notmotor vehicles, pedestrians, pedal-cyclist, animals, or trains. NON-SEQUENTIAL WARNING A type of belt warning system which only senseswhether or not the belt is fastened, not in which sequence the belt is fastenedand the seat is occupied. NORMAL Perpendicular   At right angle to a given line or plane NORMAL ACCELERATION The component of the vector acceleration of a pointin the vehicle in the z-direction. NORMAL FORCE (y):   Theperpendicular component   of the forceexerted by a supporting surface on a surface resting or sliding on thesupporting surface. NORMAL FORCE COEFFICIENT (C z)   isbased on the aerodynamic force acting in the z direction. NORMAL SPEED The maximum authorized speed shown in the timetable. NORMAL SURFACE General contour of a part excluding localdeformations. NORMAL VELOCITY Normal velocity (w)   of a point in the vehicle is the component of the vector velocityin the z-direction. NOTCHBACK Body styling where the backlight is in a noticeablydifferent plane than both the roof and the deck. NOZZLE Injector tip with venturi to atomize fuel. NTSB NTSB is an abbreviation for the NationalTransportation Safety Board NVH Noise, Vibration, Harshness NVH TERMINOLOGY Terms describing NVH problems as developed and usedby Ford Customer Service (See Below) NVH TERMINOLOGY BOOM - Low pitched sound like a drum roll ordistant thunder. May cause pressure on the ear drum. NVH TERMINOLOGY BUZZ - Low pitched sound, something like a bee.Usually associated with vibrations. NVH TERMINOLOGY CHATTER - Rapidly repeating metallic sound. NVH TERMINOLOGY CHIRP - High-pitched rapidly repeating sound, likechirping birds. NVH TERMINOLOGY CHUCKLE - Rapid noise that sounds like a stickagainst the spokes of a spinning bicycle wheel. NVH TERMINOLOGY CLICK - Light sound, like a ball point pen beingclicked. NVH TERMINOLOGY CLUNK/THUMP - Heavy metal-to-metal sound, like ahammer striking steel. NVH TERMINOLOGY GRIND - Abrasive sound, like a grinding wheel orsandpaper rubbing against wood. NVH TERMINOLOGY GROAN/MOAN - Continuous, low-pitched humming sound. NVH TERMINOLOGY GROWL/HOWL - Low,    guttural sound, like an angry dog. NVH TERMINOLOGY HISS - Continuous sound like air escaping from aballoon. NVH TERMINOLOGY HUM - Continuous sound of varying frequencies, likea wire humming in the wind. NVH TERMINOLOGY KNOCK - Heavy, loud, repeating sound like a knockon a door. NVH TERMINOLOGY PING - Similar   to knock, except at higher frequency. NVH TERMINOLOGY RATTLE - A sound suggesting looseness, such asmarbles rolling around in a can. NVH TERMINOLOGY ROAR - Deep, long, prolonged sound like an animal,or winds and ocean waves. NVH TERMINOLOGY RUMBLE - Low, heavy, continuous sound like thatmade by wagons or thunder. NVH TERMINOLOGY SQUEAK - High-pitched sound, like rubbing a cleanwindow. NVH TERMINOLOGY SQUEAL - Continuous, high pitched sound, likerunning finger nails across a chalkboard. NVH TERMINOLOGY TAP - Light, hammering sound like tapping a pencilon the edge of a table. May be rhythmic or intermittent. NVH TERMINOLOGY WHIR/WHINE - High-pitched buzzing sound, like anelectric motor or drill. NVH TERMINOLOGY WHISTLE - Sharp, shrill sound, like wind passing asmall opening.",34);arrFiles[14]=new Array(15,"O.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary O","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:49:00Z 2003-02-25T02:49:00Z 6 1704 9716 iintegration 80 19 11931 9.2720 O OBLIQUE COLLISION An oblique collision is a collision between twovehicles in which the velocities of the vehicles prior to collision were notparallel. OBSOLESCENCE PREVENTION A system that provides data (via computer) compiledfrom the BAO Obsolescence Reporting System, the Kentucky truck releasingsystem, BAO general office releasing system, and the assembly plantsinventories for purposes of identification of parts representing a potentialobsolescence risk. OBTUSE ANGLE An angle that is greater than a right, 90 degreeangle OCCUPANT Any person who is in or upon a motor vehicle intransport, including the driver, passengers and persons riding on the exteriorof the motor vehicle. OCCUPANT KINEMATICS An analysis of the motion of occupants during acollision for the purpose of correlating occupant injuries to interior vehiclecontact damage, and determination of relative seating position OCCUPANT PROTECTION The degree of crashworthiness of a vehicle. OCCUPANT STRETCH The distance traveled by the occupant \'s appendagesafter restraint system loading is achieved.   This distance varies for different appendages and is most important forthe head.   Occupant stretch can be aslittle as 0cm for an airbag restraint system or 50 cm (20 in) for some childcar seats. OCTANE Rating applied to gasoline. OD (Operation Description Sheets) Description ofassembly operations used by assembly plants. ODD (Outside Design and Development) A part, assemblyor vehicle sub-system designed, developed, tooled and produced by an outsidesupplier. (Chrysler derived) ODDO (Operation Description Sheet Distribution Order)Used for distribution of O/Ds to assembly plants. ODOMETER An instrument that measures the total number ofmiles traveled by a vehicle. Odometer Odometer value at the time of the data extraction ( Detroit ) OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer. Refers to thetruck manufacturer. OFF LINE Area designated for sub-assembly operations notperformed on main body conveyer. OFF TRACKING A term used to refer to the path taken by the rearend of a vehicle when turning.   The pathof the rear wheels is shorter than the path of the front.   The off-track is much shorter on atractor-trailer.   Drivers mustcompensate for off-tracking in turns and on curves. OFF TRACKING OFFSET Offset is the measure of the degree to which thecenterlines of two vehicles in a head-on, or rear end, collision do notcoincide OFF-HIGHWAY Refers to trucking usually performed on privatelogging roads, construction sites, mining locations, etc. Off-highway trucksare always constructed much more ruggedly as they are subjected to severestresses. OFFICE CAR Car used by railway officials while traveling. OGEE A long, S-shaped curve. OHM A unit of measurement of electrical resistance thatallows an electromotive force of one volt to produce a current flow of oneampere. OHMMETER An instrument that measures the amount ofresistance (in Ohm \'s) in a circuit or in an electrical component outside thecircuit. OHM \'S LAW Voltage (in volts) is equal to the current (amps)multiplied by resistance (ohms).   E =IR   (E = volts or voltage;   I = amperes or current;   R = ohms or resistance). OIL CANNING Loose or extrametal in large panel. OIL FIELD BODY Heavily constructed platform type truck bodyequipped with instruments for oil defiling. OIL FILTER Device for cleaning and purifying the enginelubricating oil. Oil Monitor User configurable service interval reminder in ProDriver. ( Detroit ) Oil Pressure Pressure of the engine oil in the lubrication system. ( Detroit ) OIL PRESSURE GAUGE Measures pressure of engine lubricating oil.Pressure varies with engine speed and oil viscosity.   Sudden drop of pressure indicates a problem. OIL SEAL A device used to retain lubricant in the bearingarea of the wheel.   The sealing part ofthe seal is usually made of a resilient material such as synthetic rubber orleather, which is assembled into a wheel or the hub bore. ON THE GROUND (slang) Railroad wheels of a train on the ties, noton the rails, as derailed in train. ON-OFF ROAD VEHICLE A motor vehicle designed for use on irregularterrain (off-road) as well as on the roadway.   Typical of this is timber haulage wherein logs are hauled on foresttracks or roads and then on the highway to a mill or rail siding. Alsolivestock haulage when the loading point is some distance along a rough road,and the load is then moved to abattoirs or elsewhere on a highway or similarroad. Such vehicles typically have a four wheel drive capability and, as aresult of design constraints and ground clearance requirements, have a highercenter of mass than cars.   Only thosevehicles based on truck components are categorized as on-off road vehicles inNASS. OPEN TOP (trailer)      A truck or trailer body with sides butwithout any permanent top, often used for heavy equipment that mutt be loweredinto place by crane.   Nicknamed rag top. OPEO Overseas Product Engineering Office OPERATIONAL FACTOR Functional failures of the highway transportationsystem that contribute to the cause of a traffic accident.   The failures may be malfunctions ofperception, decision or performance in trip planning, driving strategy, orevasive tactics. OPERATOR A motor vehicle driver. OPINION Belief based on grounds insufficient for certainty;conclusions, inferences, and conjectures concerning events and conditions whichwere not sufficiently well observed or recorded to be accepted facts. OPPOSING SIGNALS Signals which govern movements in oppositedirections on the same track. OPPOSITE DIRECTION COLLISION A collision between two traffic units moving inopposite directions on the same roadway.   Sometimes called head-on collisions. OPTICS The quantitative measure of brightness of a lightsource or an illuminated surface, equal to luminous flux per unit solid angleemitted per unit projected on the surface. Optimized Idle Detroit Diesel DDEC feature to reduce idle time while, maintaining engine temperature, battery voltage, or cab temperature. ProDriver records Optimized Idle data for reporting in ProDriver Reports. ( Detroit ) Optimized Idle Time, Active The total time during which Optimized Idle is active. This time is the sum of Run time and any time the engine is not running but the system is active. ( Detroit ) Optimized Idle Time, Battery The time the engine is running in response to the battery voltage dropping below 12.2 volts DC. After the engine runs for 20 minutes in this mode, the engine shuts off and the time in this category stops collecting. ( Detroit ) Optimized Idle Time, Continuous The time the engine is running in Continuous Mode. This Continuous mode is entered if the truck body skin temperature sensor is less than 24 F or greater than 100 F and the thermostat set point is not satisfied. The engine will run continuously until the external temperature moves out of the extreme bands and/or the thermostat is satisfied. ( Detroit ) Optimized Idle Time, Engine Temp. The time the engine is running in response to the engine oil temperature dropping below 60 F. When the oil temperature reaches 104 F, the engine shuts off and the time in this category stops collecting. ( Detroit ) Optimized Idle Time, Extended Idle The time the engine is running in Extended Idle Mode. This mode is entered if the thermostat set point is not satisfied within 45 minutes and the external temperature is not in the extreme temperature bands. The engine runs in a cycle of on for 15 minutes and off for 15 minutes. ( Detroit ) Optimized Idle Time, Run The time the engine is running for any reason under Optimized Idle. This time is the sum of the sub-category times: Battery , Engine Temp., Thermostat, Extended Idle and Continuous. ( Detroit ) Optimized Idle Time, Thermostat The time the engine is running in response to a request from the in-cab thermostat. When the thermostat set point is satisfied, the engine shuts off and time in this category stops collecting . ( Detroit ) OPTIMUM ANGLE (o): The launch angle for a vault requiring theminimum   velocity for the distancesinvolved. ORDERS Train orders, telegraph or telephoned to anoperator from a dispatcher, delivered to the conductor for himself and crew. OSCAR The two-dimensional movable manikin used bydesigners and engineers to represent the size and shape of most drivers orpassengers and the limitations of their movements. OSCILLATORY INSTABILITY Oscillatory instability exists if a small temporarydisturbance or control input causes and oscillatory vehicle response withoutoscillation. OSCILLOGRAPH A recording instrument electronically operated torecord a trace of one or more channels from sending units. OSHA Federal Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration OSM Outside of Metal OUTER CUSHION The primary air cushion restraint for the occupant. OUT-OF-SEQUENCE CONDITION In the initial start mode of the ignition interlocksystem, a condition where the belt is fastened before the seat is occupied,which prohibits starting. OUT-OF-SERVICE DRIVER Driver declared out-of-service by a governmentrepresentative because of hours of service violations.   The out-of-service form indicates when sucha driver may commence driving again. OUT-OF-SERVICE VEHICLE A vehicle that cannot pass the government safetyinspection and is declared out-of-service.   Cannot be driven until the problem or problems are corrected orrepaired. OUTRIGGERS Devices used for increasing width of low boytrailer. OUTSERT Reinforcing metal channel pressed over main framerail. OUTSIDE DIAMETER The maximum diameter of the new unloaded tireinflated to the normal recommended pressure and mounted on a specifiedrim.   (See Airplane Section, Tire andRim Association Year Book.) OVER DEFLECTED A condition of a tire in which the pressure on theroad is greater at the edges of the tread than in the middle; an overloaded orunder inflated tire condition. OVER DRIVING THE HEADLIGHTS Driving at a speed that will not permit you to stopyour vehicle within the distance you see ahead. OVER FREIGHT Freight separated from its waybill and displaying noidentifying marks.   See astray freight. OVER ON BILL Freight in excess of that specified by the freightbill or the bill of lading. OVER REACTION A driver \'s evasive reaction to a hazardoussituation that produces another, or additional, hazard.   Overreaction is usually a matter of too muchsteering at high speed, and often results in yaw. Over Rev Time Time accumulated when the engine RPM is greater than the setup parameter RPM Limit, in HH:MM:SS format. ( Detroit ) Over Rev Percentage Over Rev Time divided by Trip Time. ( Detroit ) OVER STEER A characteristic of a motor vehicle that results ina tendency to steer toward the inside of a curve, especially at highspeed.   Motor vehicles with more weighton the rear wheels than on the front, and with too little pressure in the reartires are like it. to over steer. OVER THE ROAD (OTR) See line haul operation. OVER WITHOUT BILL When a terminal has freight without its bill oflading or freight bill. OVER, SHORT AND DAMAGED (OS&D)   Discrepancies between freight on hand and freight shown on thebill.   Freight not covered by billing isover.   If some is missing,it is short.   Freight receivedin bad condition, is damaged.   Freight agents file an OS&D report showing these discrepancies. Overall Economy Trip Distance divided by Trip Fuel. ( Detroit ) OVERALL LENGTH (OAL) Front-to-rear measurement of vehicle,including bumpers, etc OVERALL RATIO Ratio of the lowest to the highest forward gear in thetransmission. OVERALL STEERING RATIO The rate of change of steering wheel angle at agiven steering wheel trim position, with respect to change in average steerangle of a pair of steered wheels, assuming an infinitely stiff steering systemwith no roll of the vehicle. OVERALL VEHICLE WIDTH (OAW) Overall vehicle width means the nominaldesign dimension of the widest part of the vehicle, exclusive of signal lamps,marker lamps, outside rearview mirrors, flexible fender extensions, and mudflaps, determined with doors and windows closed ant the wheels in thestraight-ahead position OVERALL WIDTH (of a tire) Overall width is the linear distancebetween the exteriors of the side walls of an inflated tire, includingelevations due to labeling, decorations, or protective bands or ribs OVERALL HEIGHT (OAH) Height from ground to highest point ofvehicle. OVERBEND Forming a part beyond design shape. OVERDRIVE Refers to a condition in which the vehicle \'stransmission is in a gear having a ratio greater than 1:1, that is, the enginecrankshaft turns at a slower rate than the vehicle drive shaft.   Opposite of under drive.   (Also see direct drive). OVERHANG, FRONT Distance from centerline of front axle to front ofvehicle or BA dimension. OVERHANG, REAR Distance from centerline of rear axle to rear ofvehicle frame or AE dimension. OVERLAP The measurement of the extent of engagement of twoobjects in contact with one another OVERLAY A sheet of translucent paper laid over an originaldrawing to sketch an alternate version or design. Used for comparing two ormore designs. OVERRIDE SYSTEM An underhood device which allows one free start(regardless of the belt condition) for each operation of the device. OVERRIDING THE GOVERNOR (OVERSPENDING) When the weight of the vehicle drives the enginebeyond governed speed.   Happens on hillswhen vehicle is not in a low enough gear and is not supplemented as necessaryby light, steady brake application.   Thegovernor does not control the engine speed when the vehicle is driving theengine. OVERSIZED VEHICLE Any vehicle whose weight And or dimensions exceedsState regulations. Overspeed A, B See Speeding Time> MPH A,B. ( Detroit ) OVERSTEER A vehicle is oversteer at a given trim if the ratioof the steering wheel angle gradient to the overall steering ratio is less thanthe Ackerman steer angle gradient. OVERTURNING COUPLE The overturning moment on the vehicle with respectto a central, longitudinal axis in the road plane due to lateral accelerationand roll acceleration. OVERTURNING COUPLE DISTRIBUTION The distribution of the total overturning couplebetween the front and rear suspensions expressed as the percentage of thetotal. OWNER OPERATOR A trucker who both owns and drives his tractors References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",56);arrFiles[15]=new Array(16,"P.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary P","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:49:00Z 2003-02-25T02:49:00Z 11 3486 19871 iintegration 165 39 24402 9.2720 P P RELEASE Production release pilot. P.T.O. Power take-off, used to transmit power from engineto auxiliary equipment. PACKAGE Concept of organization of vehicle includingdimensions. PACKAGE CAR A car containing several less-than-car loadshipments. PACKAGE DRAWING Guide for use by engineering and design functionsin completion of design of total vehicle. PACKAGE TRAY The shelf-like portion of the interior between thetop of the rear seat and the backlight. PAD Process Assembly Document PALLET A portable platform for holding material forstorage or transportation. PALLETIZED Stacked on pallets. PAN Those panels which constitute the lower closure ofthe floor pan and rear compartment pan. PANEL BODY Small, fully enclosed truck body often used forsmall package delivery. PANTOGRAPH A device located on the top of electric equipmentwhich collects power from an overhead contact wire by means of a slidingcontact shoe. PARALLEL CIRCUIT A circuit in which all control and currentconsuming devices are arranged in several independent branches.   Each branch provides a separate current paththrough the circuit components on this branch only.   See series circuit. PARALLEL HOP parallel hop   is the form of wheel hop in which a pair of wheels hop in phase. PARALLEL SPRINGING Describes the suspension of a vehicle in which theeffective static deflections of two ends are equal; that is, the spring centerpasses through the center of gravity of the spring mass. PARTIAL IMPACT An impact in which motion is continuous between theparts of colliding objects which are in contact with each other;sideswipe.   Compare with full impact. PARTICIPATING CARRIER (tariff) A railroad which is a party, under concurrence, toa tariff issued by another railroad or by a tariff publishing agent. PASSENGER Any Person in or on a vehicle involved in anaccident other than the driver. PASSENGER CAR Any motor vehicle that is 1.) a convertible,    2.) a 2-door sedan,   3.) a 4-door sedan or hard top,     4.)a 3 or 5 door hatchback coupe,   5.) an automobile with a pick-up body, or6.) a station wagon. PASSIVE RESTRAINT An occupant restraint system that does not requireany action on the part of the user for its activation or use. PATTERN Model for making a mold in casting. PAVEMENT That part of a roadway having a constructed surfacefor the facilitation of vehicular traffic. PAVEMENT GROOVING Channels cut into the surface of a pavement for thepurpose of drainage.   Usually placed incurves and aligned in the direction of travel. PAWL (wheel brake) A pivoted bar adapted to fall into the notches ofteeth of a wheel as it rotates in one direction, and to restrain it frombackward motion.   See ratchet and brakeratchet. PCI DATE Date of issuance of Product ChangeInformation or Release. PCN (Program Change Notification) A form that providesnotice and a series of instruction for a product change. (Chrysler internal) PCP (Program Chassis Package) A Conceptpackage which includes Basic Engineering Product Assumptions, ServiceabilityObjectives (including Seating), Instrument Panel, Controls, Heater, AirConditioning, Ventilation, Safety Restriction, etc. PCR Product Change Request PEAK DECELERATION The maximum value of the passenger compartmentdeceleration in a crash.   This isnormally some 20% to 50% greater than the mean deceleration.   This can also be important in assessingcrash severity, particularly for restrained occupants. PEAK LINE An intersection of two planes, or a sharply definedridge in a metal surface. PEAK-TO-PEAK AMPLITUDE Peak-to-peak amplitude of displacement at a pointin a vibrating system is the sum of the extreme values of displacement in bothdirections from the equilibrium position. PEDALCYCLE A vehicle operated solely by pedals, and propelledby human power. PEDESTRIAN Any person afoot; any person not in or upon a motorvehicle or other road vehicle. PEDESTRIAN IMPACT KINEMATICS The motion of the pedestrian resulting from impact. PERCENT DEFLECTION The static deflection expressed as a percentage ofthe unloaded section height above the top of the rim flange. PERCEPTION The general process of detecting some object orsituation and comprehending its significance. PERCEPTION DELAY A time from the point of possible perception toactual perception. PERFORMANCE The agree to which reaction corresponds to adecision relating to evasive tactics or driving strategy; how well the decisionis executed.   Performance is notnecessarily the success of reaction, because an excellent performance of a baddecision may have an unfortunate result. PERIOD Period of an oscillation is the smallest incrementof time in which one complete sequence of variation in displacement occurs. Periodic Maintenance One of three configurable Periodic Maintenance parameters. ( Detroit ) PERIODIC VIBRATION Periodic vibration exits in a system when recurringcycles take place in equal time intervals. PERISHABLE Commodities easily spoiled or damaged because ofweather or delay in transit.   Usuallydescribing food stuffs. PERSPECTIVE GRID A parallelogram (usually square or rectangle) ofknown size placed on a flat surface so as to appear in a photograph as a basisfor locating marks or points which also show in the photograph of the surface. PERT Programmed Evaluation Review Technique PF (Performance Standard) Specification ofperformance   of a mechanical, electricalor other operating unit installed in a vehicle. (Chrysler derived) PGM Poly-Gel Mitigator PHOTOGRAMMETRY The use of photographs for map making. Pi Constant used in solving properties of a circle ( =3.1416). PIGGY BACK The transportation of truck trailer and containerson railroad flat-cars. PILLAR A vehicle roof support structure.   The pillars between the windshield and thefront seat side windows are the A pillars, those between the front and rearseats are the B pillars, and those at the back of the rear seats are the Cpillars.   There are left and right A, B,and C.   The roof support structure atthe back of a station wagon is the D pillar. PILOT An employee assigned to a train when the engine manor driver of a track car is not qualified on the physical characteristics orrules of the railroad. PILOT PROGRAM Initial program for tryout of new tooling andfixtures, engineering procedures, etc., plus the building of advance programbodies for show and engineering test, etc. PINCH WELD   DLO Window opening in the body formed by the raw edgesof a pinch-weld. PINK REPORT A listing of all product problems accepted by CarEngineering for funding and timing. PINTLE HOOK Coupling device at rear of truck for the purpose oftowing trailers. PISTON A device that moves up and down in the enginecylinder and provides power to the crankshaft. PITCH Rotation of a body about its lateral axis. PITCH VELOCITY (q)   The angularvelocity about the y-axis. PITCHING MOMENT COEFFICIENT (C M y)   isbased on the yawing moment deriving from the distribution of aerodynamic forcesacting on the vehicle. PITMAN ARM The pit men arm of a steering system is a rodconnected to the output shaft of the steering gearbox    As the pitman arm rotates through an arc, the end of the pitmanarm, which is connected to the steering linkage, causes the steering linkage tomove to the right or left. PIVOT PIN (coupler) Another name for the knuckle pin.   It is so called from the fact that theknuckle, when opening, swings about the pin as a pivot.   See coupler. PK SETUP Checking the fit-up of detail parts by assembling acomplete body-in-white with screws or rivets. PLACARD Paper forms of various designs used to identifycars or trailers requiring special attention; eg. Hazardous cargos. PLAN VIEW A view looking down on the subject. PLANETARY DRIVE Gear reduction system with sun gear transmittingreduction through planetary gears to main output shaft. PLATEAU a surface extending above the normal sheet metal. PLATFORM BODY Truck or trailer body with a floor, but no sides orroof. PLENUM CHAMBER Ventilating duct in the front end of the bodythrough which air flows from the outside to the inside of the body. PLENUM-MOUNTED STEERING COLUMN A steering column which is required for thedriver \'s ACRS. This column is mounted entirely on the center duct reinforcementso as to be isolated from rearward movement of the dash panel (fire wall). PLP \'s Principal locating points for assembly fixtures. PLUG DOOR A door on refrigerator or box cars which is flushwith side of car when closed.   To open,it is swung out and rolled to one side.   Also called sliding flush door. PLUMBING The pipes, hoses, fixtures and other apparatusconcerned in the distribution and use of compressed air in the vehicle \'s brakesystem. PLY A ply is a layer of rubber-coated parallel cords ina tire. PLY RATING The term ply rating is used to identify a giventire with its maximum recommended load when used in a specific type ofservice    It is an index of strength anddoes not necessarily identify the number of cord plies in the tire PLY SEPARATION Ply separation is I parting of rubber compoundbetween adjacent plies of   tire PNEUMATIC TIMING The time required for transmission of air to orfrom brake chambers upon brake actuation or release. PNEUMATIC TIRE A pneumatic tire is a mechanical device made ofrubber, chemicals, fabric, and steel or other materials, which, when mounted onan automotive wheel provides the traction and contains the gas or fluid thatsustains the load POD A streamlined compartment to house variousmechanical implements; e.g., lights, dials, gauges, etc. It is usually round orelliptical. POINT OF ACTUAL PERCEPTION The point of actual perception is the point atwhich an object actually was detected and recognized as a potential hazard. POINT OF NO ESCAPE The place in time after or beyond which theaccident cannot be prevented by a particular traffic unit. POINT OF ORIGIN The terminal as which a shipment is received by atransportation line from the shipper. POINT OF POSSIBLE PERCEPTION UNDER EXISTINGCONDITIONS The point of possible perception under existingconditions is the point at which it would have been possible to detect anobject under the conditions of weather, light, roadway, etc. , existing at thetime the incident actually occurred POINT OF POSSIBLE PERCEPTION UNDER NORMALCONDITIONS The point of possible perception under normalconditions is the point at which it would have been possible to detect anobject in the absence of any unfavorable conditions of weathers light, roadway,etc. POINT OF TANGENCY The point on a curve where the tangent touches it;PT; on a roadway, usually the point where a curve begins or ends. POINTS Exact locations on a model, usually derived from ablueprint or from the model itself to duplicate the opposite side of the model. POLARITY Indicating positive or negative electrical system;positive polarity indicates positive ground and vice-versa. POLE TRAILER Trailer composed of a single telescopic pole, atandem rear-wheel unit, and a coupling device used to join the trailer to atractor.   Pole trailers are used totransport logs or similar items, when chained together becomes a rigid unitthereby serves as its own trailer body.   Pole trailers are adjustable in length, POOL CAR Specially equipped cars of different ownershipsassigned to a specific company or location. PORK CHOP An extension of the instrument panel shape on thedoor, usually an integral part of the door garnish molding. PORT OF ENTRY A port at which foreign goods are admitted into thereceiving country. PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE A concrete made with Portland cement. PORTS Apertures in engine block for the passage of gas orliquid. POSITION CONTROL That mode of vehicle control wherein inputs orrestraints are placed upon the steering system in the form of displacements atsome control point in the steering system (front wheels, Pitman arm, steeringwheel), independent of the force required. POST CRASH The period of time in a collision sequence from thepoint of separation to the occurrence of the last event which significantlyinfluences the vehicles or occupants of those vehicles.   The post crash period will usually extendbeyond the cessation of motion.   Fire,tow out damage to vehicles, aggravation of injuries to occupants due toinappropriate medical care are examples of post crash events. POST IMPACT See post crash POST-EVENT INFORMATION Information acquired after the event is over, thatcan be integrated into the witness’ original memory for the event. POST-HOC SIMPLIFICATION When faced with a seemingly unrelated set ofevents, people will reconstruct the situation in such a way as to make theevents be as internally consistent as possible.   Then they will remember whatever they need to add, in order tosimplify the situation. POSTURE ANGLE Angle between the spine and the upper legs of amanikin in a sitting position. POTENTIAL ENERGY Potential energy is the energy possessed by a bodyby virtue of its being elevated above a certain datum.   It is expressed analytically as.   P.E. = Mgh POWER Power is the rate of doing work POWER ASSIST STEERING Power assist steering comprises the usual elementsof a manual steering system (steering shaft, gearbox, steering linkage) plus, ahydraulically operated device to multiply the steering shaft torque so that theforces supplied by the hydraulic unit assist the operator in steering orturning the vehicle POWER HOP An oscillatory hopping motion of a single wheel orof a pair of wheels which occurs when tractive force is applied in forward orreverse motion of the vehicle. Power Interrupt The total duration of all power interrupts in HH:MM:SS duration format. This is the only time reported without seconds resolution. ( Detroit ) Power Interrupts Number of times that power to the ProDriver was disrupted Detroit ) Power Interrupts The engine hours at the start of the most recent power engine hour interrupt. ( Detroit ) POWER STROKE Phase of the four-stroke cycle when fuel is ignitedand combustion takes place. POWER TRAIN The series of parts that transfer the power of theengine to the wheels.   Same as drivetrain. POWERED AXLE See drive axle, commonly called a live axle. POWER-LIFT TAIL GATE A power-operated tail gate capable of lifting loadfrom street level to the level of the truck or trailer floor. PPC Product Planning Committee PPI (Pre-Production Part Index) Total number ofcharacteristics within specification divided by the total number of characteristicschecked. (Chrysler derived) Ppk (Preliminary Process Capability Index) is an indexsimilar to   Cpk but based on data fromearly, short-term studies of new processes. PPPI (Preliminary Process Potential Index) is an indexsimilar to Cp but based on data from early, short-term studies of newprocesses. PPQR (Priority Parts Quality Review) Chrysler program toreview product design and manufacturing feasibility to produce a qualityproduct. PR/R (Problem Reporting & Resolution, GP-5) is ageneric process for GM to report and resolve problems between customers andsuppliers. PRE-CRASH The period of time in the collision sequence fromthe first significant event associated to a cause of the collision to initialcontact    A driver \'s medical history,mechanical work done on a vehicle, or driver \'s actions leading up to collisionare examples of pre-crash events PRE-IMPACT (See Pre-Crash) PRELIMINARY   PAR Advanced working copy of a pilot action requestfrom a pilot program for action on proposed change. PRESSURE REGULATOR (fuel} A bypass valve to regulate the pressure ofthe fuel supplied to the injectors.   Bypassed fuel flows back to the suction side of the gear pump. PRE-TRIP INSPECTION See inspection. PRIMARY CAUSE A misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious oreasily explained factor in the cause of an accident or the most easily modifiedcondition factor. PRIMARY SAMPLING UNIT A city, county, or group of contiguous cities orcounties with an aggregate population of at least 50,000 which defines ageographic area for accident investigation.   PSU selection is the first stage in the probability sampling ofaccidents for NASS. PRIMARY SHOES Primary Shoes are the brake shoes in a drum brakesystem which are mounted on the brake plate in the front position    Each wheel has a primary (front) shoe and asecondary (back) shoe PRINCIPLE DIRECTION OF FORCE (PDOF) Refers to lines of force during thecollision of vehicles PRINT An imprint of liquid or fine dust picked up by atire or shoe sole at one place and left at another, usually showing the patternof the tire or shoe that made it. PRIVATE CAR A car having other than railroad ownership. PRIVATE SIDING A side-track owned or leased by an individual orfirm. PRIVILEGED VEHICLE In any situation, the vehicle which has theright-of-way over other vehicles under the law.   Also see burdened vehicle. PRNDL (Pronounced prindle) The automatictransmission indicator dial made up of the initial letters of the words Park,Reverse, Neutral, Drive and Low. PROBABLE ERROR Probable error is the investigator \'s estimate oferror in measurement which might be expected as a result of influences beyondhis control PRODUCT ACCEPTANCE SPECIFICATIONS (PAS) These communicate design instruction s andrequirements such as durability and reliability levels, performance factors,safety considerations, appearance (items not specified by Styling),package, and other appropriate end-results information required todesign acceptable systems and components. The manner in which theserequirements are met is not normally specified, but tests which are necessaryto conform that requirements have been met should be defined. PAS are normallypublished in two sections:   1. GeneralPAS (GPAS) which define requirements which are common to several vehiclelines.   2> PAS Exceptions (PASE),which define unique and specific requirements for a particular model yearvehicle.   Together these two sectionsconstitute the PAS for a given vehicle program. PRODUCT OBJECTIVES A consensus of what has been determined to be themost marketable product for a given model year; this identifies basic appearance,performance, cost objectives, etc. PRODUCT PLANNING Is the activity having responsibility for, but notlimited to, the identification of product needs and opportunities, thedevelopment of alternatives as required, and the selection of a preferred plan.Product Planning also secures management approval of recommended products,monitors implementation, and provides surveillance and controls withinestablished precepts as the program progresses. PRODUCT/ENGINEERING LETTERS These are official communications by which productdirection is transmitted to the various corporate organizations. This directiondelineates additions, deletions and revisions to the rpoduct offering.                        Approval of theseletters prior to issuance is generally a reciprocal action, with VechicleEngineering reviewing and concurring in capability with regard to ProductLetter actions and Product Planning providing agreemtn that any effect onProduct Content as propsed in Engineering Letters is within theprecepts of the program plan. Sepcial Committees are normally established forthe review and approval of these letters.                 Issuance conveys to the recipient that allfinancial, timing and manpower considerations have been approved to cover theaction directed in this regard, therefore, limitations of action must beclearly defined and the following is a listing of workclassifications which may be elected for Product/Engineering.                                   LETTERS:   1. ActionRelease - complete all phases of engineering work up to and includingrelease for production.   2.Investigation through Feasibility - complete all design developmentand testing required to establish cost, design, and manufacturing feasibility.Prototype tooling is authoorized as required but no realse action is to beinitiated.   3.Inveestigation - Paper Study - complete drawings (new ormarked-up), sketches or text descriptions, compile add and delete liststogether with any additional data required to estimate/evaluate engineering,production tooling and piece costs.   4.Other - actions not covered by 1., 2., or 3. above e.g.,installations for management appraisal where prototype tooling is notauthorized, program concellations, etc.    When using this work classification, specific detail of the engineeringwork to be performed is to be included in the test letter. PRODUCTION SAMPLES Vehicle component parts, produced from productiontools, which are shipped in limited quantities upon request, in support ofprove-out and sign-off requirements mandatory to the authorization ofvolume shipments for production. (Normally 6 months prior to Job#1.) PROFESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION The effort to determine, from availableinformation, how the accident happened.   Reconstruction is the fourth level of traffic accidentinvestigation.   It involves studyingresults of the accident, considering other circumstances, and applyingscientific principles to form opinions relative to events of the accident whichare otherwise unknown or are a matter of dispute. PROGRAM CONTENT A translation of the Product Objectives into basicEngineering terminology (normally by Vehicle Engineering and Product Planning),which includes the Vehicle Weight, Cost, Timing,   Serviceability and Package Objectives, Body Types (including adefinition of all derivative models to be considered in design) Wheelbases,Tread, Overall Length and Height Engine/Transmission and Brake Combinations andRegular Production Options (RPOs). PROGRAM TIMING The activity having prime responsibility for, butnot limited to:   1. Establishment andcontrol of program timing plans.   2.Coordination of product changes.   3.Analysis of all vehicle product changes for obsolescence prevention control.   4. Establishment and control of the vehiclePink Report.   5.Coordination and reporting part complexity counts. PROGRESSIVE SHIFTING A process of shifting high torque rise engines thatinvolves shifting at lower rpm’s at slower speeds, and at progressively higherrpm’s as the speed of the vehicle increases.   PROHIBITED ARTICLES Articles of freight which will not be handled. PRONY BRAKE Mechanical device used to determine the brakehorsepower of an internal combustion engine. PROPELLER SHAFT Driveshaft used to transmit torque from engine ortransmission to rear axle. PROPORTIONING VALVE A device (valve) in the braking system used tobalance the braking force between the front and rear brakes PROVEOUT MODEL A clay model developed to verify surface drawingconformation with the appearance of the model originally approved bymanagement. A record cast subsequently is made in Fiberglass. (See recordmodel). PS (Process Standard) Specification of a productionprocess to be followed in processing a part of achieve a satisfactory result.(Chrysler derived) psi Pounds per square inch - English unit of pressure. PSP (Problem Solving Process) The GM Quality Network \'sProblem Solving Process Action Strategy. The process contains four tasks:Select, Contain, Correct, and Prevent. Described in GP-5. PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION A name usually given to a State body having controlof, or regulating public utilities. PUDDLE A wet area on the road or roadside where dribbleaccumulates after a vehicle has come to rest.   A puddle often marks the final position of a vehicle after an accident. PULL THE PIN Release the fifth wheel lock. Pulse Width The number of engine revolution degrees that an injector is open to deliver fuel. ( Detroit ) Pump On Distance The distance traveled by a fire rescue truck which pumps water and moves at the same time. ( Detroit ) Pump On Fuel The fuel used while operating in the pressure governor mode. ( Detroit ) Pump On Time The time the engine is running in the pressure governor mode. This mode is active when the engine is used to drive a water pump in a fire truck application. ( Detroit ) PUP (Slang) A short four-wheel trailer which is pulledbehind a semi-trailer or a straight truck. PURE PYRO INFLATOR An ACRS inflator which contains a pyrotechnic gasgenerator but not stored gas. PUSH GUN single Tip Weld Gun PUSHER An extra engine at the rear of a train used toassist a train in climbing a grade. PUSHER AXLE A non-driven (dead) axle installed forward of thedriven axle(s) to increase the permissible gross weight, and consequently thepayload. PUT ON THE AIR (Slang)   Apply the brakes. PUT ON THE IRON (Slang)   Puton the tire chains. PVS Product Verification Specification PYROMETER An instrument that registers the temperature of theexhaust gases. PYROTECHNIC An explosive substance to operate, ignite or heatby means of rapid combustion. References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",105);arrFiles[16]=new Array(17,"Q.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary Q","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:50:00Z 2003-02-25T02:50:00Z 1 197 1128 iintegration 9 2 1385 9.2720 Q Q1 A Ford continuous improvement supplier recognitionprocess that has specific requirements for systems and processes thatcontinuously improve and exceed customer \'s needs and expectations. Q-101 Ford \'s worldwide quality system standard. Thepurpose of this document is to define Ford \'s quality expectations and tospecify the supporting evidence that is required from both internal andexternal suppliers. QCM Quality Construction Master QE (Chrysler Quality Excellence Award) recognizessupplier performance in the area of quality. QFD (Quality Function Deployment) is a managementsystem to assist in translating the voice of the customer intooperational definitions that can be used to produce and deliver products andservices desired by the customers. QOS (Quality Operating System) Ford \'s reference to asystematic approach to product and process development. (See SPM) QS9000 Automotive version of ISO9000 (see ISO) QUARTER PANEL 1. A sheet-metal stamping - originally   called a rear fender.   2. A sheet-metal panel encompassing the areafrom the rear door opening to tail light area, and from the rear wheel openingto base of roof and trunk opening. QUENCH Rapid cooling from a high temperature by immersingin a liquid, gas or solid. QUICK-RELEASE VALVE Valve used to accelerate the release of airpressure to and from axle brake chambers.",8);arrFiles[17]=new Array(18,"r.htm","2006-01-29","Glossary R","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:50:00Z 2003-02-25T02:50:00Z 11 3296 18792 iintegration 156 37 23077 9.2720 R R & R (Repeatability   and Reproducibility) refers to gauge and test equipment studies. Repeatabilityis the measurement variation obtained when one person measures the samedimension or characteristic several times with the same gauge or testequipment. Reproducibility is the variation in measurement averages when morethan one person measures the same dimension or characteristic using the samemeasuring instrument. R/100 Number of Repairs per 100 Vehicles RABBET An offset designed into the surrounding bodyconstruction to accommodate and assemble glass. RACER Redbook Assumption Cost Estimating Request RACK AND PINION GEARBOX In a rack and pinion gearbox, the Steering shaft isconnected to a Sear, or pinion, and the pinion causes a rack (a type ofstraight sear) to move the steering linkage    In this type of gearbox, the rack performsthe same function as the pit man arm. RADIAL The term radial \' refers to a direction towardor away from the center of a circle (alerts a radius). Tire construction wherecords run at a 90-degree angle to the bead or the tire \'s direction of rotation.Radial has come to mean the more modern of the two basic tiretypes. RADIAL PLY TIRE A radial ply tire is a pneumatic tire in which theply cords which extend to the beads are laid at substantially 90 degrees to thecenterline of the tread. RADIO CONTROLLED ENGINE An unmanned engine situated within the trainconsist, separated by cars from the lead unit, but controlled from it by radiosignals. RADIUS (r):   Thedistance from the center of a circle to a point on the circumference. RADIUS RODS Metal arms attached to frame and axles foralignment. RAIL A length of track, usually thirty nine feetlong.   Also see track. RAIL BOND An electrical conductor for bridging joints betweenrails for the purpose of carrying electrical current and part of a trackcircuit. RAIL JOINT A fastening designed to unite a butting ends ofrails. RAIN CAP Protection device used on exhaust stacks to preventrain entry when the engine is stopped.   Opens and closes automatically.   Opens by the pressure of exhaust gases passing out of the stack.   When exhaust stops (with engine shut off),the Ian cap closes. RAKE The angle formed by the intersection of the steeredaxis and a vertical line while the motorcycle is in an up right position. RAMP ANGLE Angle created by lines tangent to the static loadedradii of front and rear wheels, converging at the point of lowest groundinterference of underside of car - angle of overhang at lower extremities. RANDOM VIBRATION Random vibration exists in a system when theoscillation is sustained but irregular both as to period and amplitude. RATCHET A serrated edge like that of a saw, sometimesstraight and sometimes on a wheel, into which a pawl engages, for producing or(more commonly) restraining motion.   Seebrake ratchet, and pawl. RATE OF CASTER CHANGE The change in caster angle per unit verticaldisplacement of the wheel center relative to the sprung mass. RATE OF CHAMBER CHANGE The change of camber angle per unit verticaldisplacement of the wheel center relative to the sprung mass. RATE OF TRACK CHANGE The change in wheel track per unit verticaldisplacement of both wheel centers in the same direction relative to the sprungmass. RATED HORSEPOWER The maximum brake horsepower output of an engine ascertified by the manufacturer. RATED TORQUE The maximum torque produced by an engine ascertified by the manufacturer. RATIO Relation or proportion in magnitude of one quantityto another. REACTION A person \'s voluntary or involuntary response to ahazard or other situation that has been perceived; the response to a sensorystimulus.   Reactions may be reflex,simple, complex, or discriminatory. REACTION DISTANCE The distance moved or traveled by a vehicle orother traffic unit during reaction time. REACTION PLATE A backing plate for air cushion deployment. REACTION TIME The delay between the perception of a danger andthe beginning of the physical response to that perception. REAR END BAR FIXTURE Fixture used to locate rear end panel in bodyframe. REAR FACING A seat oriented so that its occupant faces the rearof the vehicle. REAR OF A SIGNAL The side of the Signal from which the indication isreceived. REAR QUARTER PANEL The rear fender panel. REAR QUARTER WINDOW The rearmost side window located in the rearquarter panel. REAR SEAT RISER The rise in the rear floor pan that supports thefront edge of the rear seat. REAR-END COLLISION See same-direction collision. REBOUND The relative displacement of the sprung andunsprung masses in a suspension system in which the distance between the massesincreases from that at static condition. REBOUND CLEARANCE The maximum displacement in rebound of the sprungmass relative to the wheel center permitted by the suspension system, from thenormal load position. REBOUND STOP An elastic member which increases the wheel ratetoward the end of the rebound travel. The rebound stop may also act to limitthe rebound travel. REBOUND VELOCITY The return velocity of the occupant after impactwith, and reaction to, the air cushion or vehicle interior. RECEIVING TRACK A track used for arriving trains. RECOIL The raising of a surface adjacent to a flange as aresult of the resistance of the material to the flanging process. RECORD MODEL A fiberglass or plaster reproduction of the originalclay model as approved. Record Type Identifies the type of data record in a Comma Delimited (CSV) export file. ( Detroit ) RED BOARD A fixed signal to stop.   Also see board. REDBOOK Part I: A publication generated by   the Greenbook, but data is further enhancedby preliminary drawings based on studio clay models representing a carlineapproved concept or theme.   Part II:Additional stage of the initial Redbook developed from data after thehard point of given components are finalized in design, thusallowing the controllers offices to accurately define a vehicle cost and profitmargin. REDUCED SPEED Prepare to stop short of train or obstruction. REDUCTION OF GEARS Used where very slow speed is needed.   Two reductions are made in thedifferential.   See gear ratio. REEFER Truck with heavily insulated refrigerated body. REFERENCE LINE A line, often the edge of a roadway, from whichmeasurements are made to locate spots, especially spots along a roadway. REFERENCE POINT A point from which measurements are made to locatespots in an area; sometimes the intersection of two reference lines; (RP).   A reference point is described in terms ofits relation to permanent landmarks. REFINING IN TRANSIT The stopping of shipments of sugar, oil, etc., at apoint located between the points of origin and destination to be refined. REFLEX REACTION An involuntary response to a stimulus; aninstinctive act resulting from perception of an imminently hazardous situation. REFRIGERATED CAR / TRAILER An insulated car, van-type truck or trailer bodyequipped with a refrigeration unit.   Used for carrying perishable goods.   Also called a reefer. REGROOVE To cut new grooves into a tire.   This can be done only on tires that are madespecifically to be regrooved.   They aremarked regroovable. REGULAR TRAIN A train authorized by a time table schedule. REGULATOR Instrument to control voltage and current invehicle electrical system. RELATIVE ERROR The ratio of the absolute error to the size of thequantity. RELATIVE POLAR MEASUREMENTS A point on a drawing specified in terms of radiusand angle from the previous point. RELATIVE X-Y COORDINATE MEASUREMENTS A point on a drawing specified in terms of X- Y-offset from the previous point. RELAY EMERGENCY VALVE A combination valve in an air brake system, whichcontrols brake application and which also provides for automatic trailer brakeapplication should the trailer become disconnected from the towing vehicle. RELAY LOGIC SEQUENCING MODULE An electro-mechanical device employing relays andassociated timing, protection and control components which provides logicalcontrol of the ignition interlock system. RELAY VALVE Valve used to speed up the application and releaseof the rear wheel brakes. RELEASE COCK See release valve. RELEASE ROD A small iron rod generally located at the side of acar for the purpose of operating the air brake release valve. RELEASE VALVE (air brake) A valve attached to the auxiliary reservoir forreducing the air pressure when the locomotive is detached so as to release thebrakes. REMOTE UNIT See radio controlled engine. RENDERING A detailed illustration. REPAIR TRACK A track used for car repairs. Report Date Date of generated report. ( Detroit ) REPORTING Basis data collection to identify and classify amotor vehicle traffic accident and the persons, property and planned movementsinvolved.   Only strictly factualinformation is wanted, no opinions.   Level 1 of traffic accident investigation. RESERVOIR (air brake) A cylindrical container for the storage of airunder pressure.   Main reservoir of largecapacity are located in locomotives and under all motor cars having aircompressors; auxiliary and emergency reservoirs are located under the cars. Reset Lockout Prevents the Pro Link Diagnostic Data Reader from resetting DDEC Trip information. Without this lockout feature, trip data can be accidentally erased when a Pro Link is used to service the DDEC ECM. ( Detroit ) RESIN A plastic liquid chemical. The two most commonlyused are epoxy and polyester. RESISTANCE Opposition to the free flow of electrical currentin a circuit. RESISTOR Any device that uses up voltage byopposing, or resisting, the flow of electrical current.   Resistors may be current consuming devicessuch as lamps or motors, or devices which are designed for the purpose of usinga specific amount of voltage. RESONANCE A forced vibration phenomenon which exits if anysmall change in frequency of the applied force causes a decrease in theamplitude of the vibrating system. RESONANT FREQUENCY Frequency at which resonance exists. RESTART A feature of the ignition interlock system whichafter starting allows uninhibited restart, regardless of the belt condition as longas the driver remains seated. RESTRAINT SURVIVAL DISTANCE (RSD) The distance between a restrained vehicle occupantin the normal, seated position and the interior surfaces of the vehicle in thedirection of the crash forces.   When thevehicle slows to a stop during impact it achieves its total deceleration duringthe crush.   Thus all slowing will takeplace over the time required to produce the dynamic crush.   The restrained occupant will not begin toslow at the same time as the vehicle due to the slack in the restraintsystem.   The occupant will keep movingat the pre-crash velocity as the vehicle begins to slow until all the slack andstretch is eliminated from the restraint system.   The restraint system will then hold the occupant back and causehim to slow down.   If the slack in therestraint is removed before the vehicle comes to a complete stop, then theoccupant will be able to slow along with the vehicle during ride down. RESTRAINT SYSTEM Manually operated restraint system includingshoulder belts, lap belts, lap and shoulder belt combinations, or child safetyseats.   Automatic restraint systemsinclude a relatively small number of passive belts and air cushionsystems. RESTRAINT SYSTEM LOADING The process of engaging the restraint system,removing slack from the restraint system, and having the restraint system applya restraining force to the vehicle occupant. RESTRICTED ARTICLES Types of freight that cannot be handled at all ormay only be handled under certain specific conditions. RESTRICTED SPEED Proceed prepared to stop short of train,obstruction, or switch not properly lined, looking out for broken rail notexceeding fifteen mile per hour. RESULTANT AIR VELOCITY resultant air velocity vector is the vectordifference of the ambient wind velocity vector and the projection of thevelocity vector of the vehicle on the X-Y plane. RESULTANT FORCE A resultant force is that force which is due to thevector summation of two or more forces.   With respect to accident reconstruction the forces acting on collidingvehicles can be combined to give a single resultant force. RESULTANT VECTOR That single vector which would   display the same effect as a   number of original vectors added together. RETAINING VALVE A small manually positioned valve located near thebrake wheel for retaining part of the brake cylinder pressure, to aid inretarding the acceleration of a train in descending long grades. RETARDER A metal grip adjacent to the rail, usually operatedby compressed air or electrical motors, for regulating speed of a car bypressure on the wheels while rolling down a hump incline. RETRACTOR LOCKING A belt retractor which automatically locks afterthe belt has been extended, preventing any further extension. RETRACTOR VEHICLE SENSITIVE A belt retractor which automatically locks when theacceleration of the belt relative to the vehicle exceeds a predetermined level. RETROGRADE AMNESIA A loss or impairment of memory of events precedinginjury.   In a traffic accident, a personwho has been unconscious for a considerable time or who has lost much blood atthe scene or the person may have no recollection of events immediatelypreceding the crash. REVERSE LEVER The lever which controls the direction of motion ofthe locomotive by reversing the traction motor field connections. REVISED OCCUPANT SIMULATION (ROS) A graphic computer simulation of occupantkinematics applied decelerations. REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE The number of turns or rotations the engine makesin a minute (abbreviated RPM).   EngineRPM is expressed in hundreds on the tachometer. REWORK The act of incorporating a change or correction ina production part by hand and or temporary tools. REWORK SUMMARY Information summary to assembly plants pertaining torework required on production parts. RFI Radio Frequency Interference. RIDE The low frequency (up to 5 Hz) vibrations of thesprung mass as a rigid body. RIDE CLEARANCE The maximum displacement in compression of thesprung mass relative to the wheel center permitted by the suspension system,from the normal load position. RIDE DOWN The slowing of the vehicle occupant that occurswhile the vehicle is still being crushed in an impact.   An unrestrained occupant will typically notexperience ride down.   For a restrainedoccupant, the amount of ride down achieved is determined by the time requiredto fully load the restraint system. RIDE RATE The change of wheel load, at the center of tirecontact, per unit vertical displacement of the sprung mass relative to theground at a specified load. RIG Truck or truck-trailer combination. RIGHT ANGLE COLLISION In a right angle collision one vehicle isperpendicular to the other when the collision occurs. RIGHT OF WAY (RR) The property owned by the railroad over whichtracks have been laid. RIM The item that supports the tire. It may consist ofone piece (tubeless drop center type) or two or three pieces (tube type). RIM DIAMETER The diameter at the intersection of the bead seatand the flange.   (See Tire and RimAssociation Year Book.)   Nominal rimdiameter (i.e., 14, 14, 16.5, etc.) is commonly used. RIM PULL Actual amount of effort in pounds available atpoint of contact of tire and road surface. RIM WIDTH The distance between the inside surfaces or the rimflanges.   (See Tire and Rim AssociationYear Book.) RIP Car in need of repair. RIP STOP A fabric construction for air cushions with    intermittent reinforcement. ROAD The part of a trafficway which includes both theroadway, which is the traveled part, and any shoulder alongside theroadway.   Where there are unmountablecurbs, the road and roadway are the same.   If there is a guardrail, the road is considered to extend to theguardrail. ROAD BED The foundation on which the track and ballast rest;or on which the highway rest. ROAD, SECONDARY Not a main road or highway.   Usually narrower, less direct, and oftenmore winding than a primary road. ROADSIDE That part of the highway not occupied by road or sidewalk. ROADWAY The part of the road intended for vehicletravel.   It does not include paved orotherwise improved shoulders or what is sometimes called a berm or breakdownlane. ROBOGATE A single tool body framing system employingautomatic locating and clamping fixtures with robots performing weldingoperations to create dimensional control of the total body. ROBOTS A reprogrammable, multi-functional manipulator usedto position parts, tools, or welding guns through a variety of programmedmotions. ROCKER PANEL The sheet metal surface below the door opening,running between front and rear wheel openings. ROLL The motion of a vehicle which has been retarded atthe ground level while the remainder of the vehicle continues moving forwardwithout leaving the ground; rollover.   One of the three principles axis of a vehicle; along the longitudinal(x), axis. ROLL AXIS The line joining the front and rear roll centers. ROLL CAMBER The camber displacements of a wheel resulting fromsuspension roll. ROLL CAMBER COEFFICIENT The rate of change in wheel inclination angle withrespect to change in suspension roll angle. ROLL CENTER The point in the transverse vertical plane throughany pair of wheel centers at which lateral forces may be applied to the sprungmass without producing suspension roll. ROLL FORMING The continuous bend-forming of constant sectionparts. ROLL OVERSTEER Roll steer which decreases vehicle understeer orincreases vehicle oversteer. ROLL STEER COEFFICIENT The rate of change in roll steer with respect tochange in suspension roll angle at a given trim. ROLL STIFFNESS DISTRIBUTION The distribution of the vehicle roll stiffnessbetween front and rear suspension expressed as percentage of the vehicle rollstiffness. ROLL TOP A truck or trailer body with a sliding roof topermit overhead crane loading of freight. ROLL UNDERSTEER Roll steer which decreases vehicle understeer withrespect to change in suspension roll angle at a given trim. ROLL VELOCITY roll velocity (p)   The angular velocity about the x-axis. ROLLER BEARING The general term applied to a group of journalbearings which depend upon the action of a set of rollers in order to reducerotational friction. ROLLING MOMENT COEFFICIENT (C M x)   isbased on the rolling moment deriving from the distribution of aerodynamicforces acting on the vehicle. ROLLING MOMENT (Mx)   is thecomponent of the moment vector tending to rotate the vehicle about the x-axis,positive clockwise when looking in the positive direction of the x-axis. ROLLING RADIUS 1) Diameter of a tire under the weight of a car. 2)Distance from center of the tire to ground. ROLLING RESISTANCE The horizontal force required to keep a vehicle inmotion on a level surface, with the engine disconnected from the wheels andwith no brake application; drag factor produced by friction within the vehicleand deformation of the tires and road surface. ROLLOVER An accident situation where the vehicle rolls atleast 90 degrees.   The term rollover isalso sometimes used to describe a pitchroll.   See roll. ROLLOVER TEST A dynamic test used to evaluate body roof crush andoccupant anti-ejection   characteristics. ROLLOVER THRESHOLD The lateral acceleration rate to which a vehiclewill begin rotation about its longitudinal axis. ROOF DITCH Body seam (joint) where the roof panel and bodyside panel are welded together. This seam (joint) creates a ditch along eachside of the roof. ROOF VAULT The kinematics of the impacted pedestrian where thehead and torso pivot down toward the hood and the legs rotate up over thetorso.   The pedestrian then flips up andover the roof of the vehicle falling to the ground behind the vehicle. ROPING A term associated with uni-axial forming anddesignating furrows of excess metal resulting from unequal wrap dimensionsat   adjacent areas on the punch. ROTARY MOTION The equations of motion relating distance,velocity, time and acceleration in a linear system have their exact equivalentsin rotary motion.   These are angulardisplacement (degrees or radians), angular velocity and angular acceleration.The equivalent of mass when rotation is occurring is more complex however.   It is the moment of inertia.   Consider a uniform rod in comparison to adumbbell. Each is the same weight but the distribution of that weight isdifferent.   If both objects are rotatingabout their geometric centers at the same speed, they clearly have differentmoments of inertia as a result of the different distributions of weight.   The moment of inertia can be measured orcalculated for all objects and that parameter (I) replaces mass in calculationsinvolving angular equations.   These areequations relating to angular momentum and energy of rotation. ROTOR A metal disc used in a disc braking system.   (See disc brakes). ROUND HOUSE A building, circular in design, used to houseengines while being serviced or repaired. ROUTE 1) The course or direction that a shipment moves.2) To designate the course or direction a shipment shall move. ROVING Chopped fiberglass. RPM Revolutions Per Minute, a measure of the enginecrankshaft rotational speed per minute. RPM DROP Drop in rpm between shifts in transmission. RPM Limit Engine overspeed limit in Revolutions Per Minute. ( Detroit ) RPO Regular Production Option RPS Request for Procurement Services RS (Reliability Standard) specification of thesupplemental requirements that both internal production run and model yearproduction run parts must meet to conform to specifications. (Chrysler derived) RULE G A railroad operating rule prohibiting thepossession or use of intoxicants or narcotics while on duty. RUMP RAIL A side slat on a single-deck stock car made heavierthan the usual slats.   It is placedabout four feet above the floor to resist movement of cattle against the carsides. RUN OFF Rivulets of liquid debris from a puddle areaflowing downhill toward soak-in at the edge of the pavement; frequently thesource of tire prints after a collision. RUN OVER The kinematics of the impacted pedestrian where thepedestrian falls under the vehicle while the vehicle is still moving.   This situation can also occur with vehicleoccupants or bicyclists who are ejected into the path of a moving vehicle. RUNNING GEAR A general term applied to and including the wheels,axles, springs, axle boxes, frames and other carrying parts of a truck orlocomotive. RUNNING LIGHTS Same as clearance or marker lights.   Set clearance lights. RUNNING TRACK 1) A track designated in the time table upon whichmovements may be made subject to prescribed signals and rules, or specialinstructions. 2) A track reserved for movement through a yard. RURAL That area outside the boundaries of an urban area. RUT   A depressionin soft or loose material, such as snow or dirt, made by a rolling tire. RZEPPA UNIVERSALS JOINT A disc-type constant-velocity joint. References Detroit Diesel Caterpillar User \'s Manual",104);arrFiles[18]=new Array(19,"S.htm","2006-02-16","Glossary S","","","wd Normal wd 2 2 2003-02-25T02:51:00Z 2003-02-25T02:51:00Z 19 6342 36151 iintegration 301 72 44395 9.2720 S SADDLE BAGS Term applied to front-end side vent ducts inconventional ventilation system. SADDLE TANKS Barrel type fuel tanks that hang from the sides ofthe tractor \'s frame. SAE Society of Automotive Engineers. SAIL Portion on rear quarter panel that extends abovethe belt line and forms part of the boundary of the backlight and the sidewindow or door openings. SAM Semi-Axis Manipulator, computerized numericalcontrol machine used primarily to automate welding operations. SAME DIRECTION COLLISION A collision between two traffic units moving in thesame direction on the same roadway.   Sometimes called a rear-end collision. SANDERS Devices operated by air for applying sand to therail in front of or behind the driving wheels of the train. SANDWICH PANEL Composite panel usually formed by high-densityskins and low-density core or filler. SCALAR QUANTITY A quantity which has associated with it only amagnitude. SCALE HOUSE Structure erected to house weight recordingmechanism used in weighing freight cars. SCALE TEST CAR A compact car equipped with weights for the testingof track scales. SCALES TRACK A storage track for cars needing to be weighed. SCANNER DRAWING A drawing created by computerized equipment duringa scan of a three-dimensional clay modeled surface. SCAR Any sign that the road, roadside, or fixed objecthas been damaged or marred by a traffic accident. SCAVENGE Discharge of exhaust by means of air pressure. SCENE The location of a traffic accident while people andvehicles involved are still there. SCHEDULE That part of a time table which prescribes class,direction, number, and movement for a regular train. SCOOP A device to catch air; may be either functional ormerely ornamental. SCORING Surface scratches on panels caused by cold weldingbetween a flange die steel and the sheet metal part. Also known as galling. SCRAPE A broad area of a hard surface covered with manyscratches or striations made by a sliding metal part without great pressure. SCRAPER A clay-molding tool used to rough in the surface ofa model and shaped like a short-handled rake with the straight or curved bladecrosswise to the handle. The blade can vary from one inch to six inches wide.It has two sharpened sides, one of which has serrations or teeth and the othera smooth edge. SCRATCH A light and unusually irregular scar made on a hardsurface, such as paving, by a sliding metal part without great pressure. SCUFF MARK A tire friction mark made by a tire that is bothrotating and slipping on a road or other surface. SCUFF PLATE Cover over door sill, usually rubber or metal. SEAL 1) A security device to assure that truck doorshave not been opened in transit. 2) Metal strips, designed for one time use,applied to the hasp of closed freight car / trailer doors.   To remove, they must be broken.   They are used to indicate whether or not thecontents have been tampered with while in transit.   They must be stamped with a name, initial and / or number foridentification. SEAL GAP Distance from seal mount surface to seal plane. SEAT SENSOR SWITCH A switch at each front seating position whichsenses the condition of the seat (occupied or unoccupied). SEAT SIDE A metal or plastic molding or applique on the outeredge of the seat cushion and, in some cases, the seat back. SEATING BUCK A mock-up of the interior of a car used to evaluateentrance and egress, seating room, comfort, instrument accessibility, etc.dimensions are usually accurate to plus or minus .03 inch. SEATING/PACKAGE BUCK A simulated body shell (normally of woodconstruction) equipped with seats, steering wheel, instrument panel and relatedinterior vehicle components as required to provide a three-dimensional andvisual evaluation of ingress and egress conditions, interior passenger room,comfort, accessibility of controls, etc.   This property is used to establish and prove-out Engineering and Stylingproposals affecting package arrangements prior to the availability of runningprototype vehicles. SECONDARY SHOES Secondary shoes in a drum brake system are the shoeswhich are mounted on the brake plate in a rearward position    Each wheel has a primary (front) shoe and asecondary (rear) shoe    Sometimes theprimary is top mounted and the secondary is on the bottom, but this is not acommon type of configuration. SECONDARY TRACK A designated track upon which trains or engines maybe operated without timetable authority, train orders or block signals. SECTION View of any component at 90 degrees to a plane cutthrough the component. SECTION HEIGHT Distance between the rim base and surface of thetread. The unloaded section height at the top of the tire will begreater than the loaded section height being compressed against the pavement. SECTION MODULUS Measure of beam strength in frame rails; must equalthe bending moment imposed. SECTION WIDTH Section width is the linear distance between theexteriors of the side walls of an inflated tire, excluding elevations due tolabeling, decoration, or protective bands . SECURE (1) To guard or protect, such as to secure thescene of an accident   (2) to make firmor tight, such as the cargo tie-downs or to secure the truck after parking   (3) to obtain, such as to obtain help   (4) safe and free from danger, such assecure place to stop. SEDAN Two-door or four-door car having stationary windowframes in its doors. SELF ALIGNING COUPLER A coupler which has a taper shank rather that astraight shank to prevent the jackknifing of cars. SELF-EXCITED VIBRATION Vibrations are termed self-excited if the vibratorymotion produces cyclic forces which sustain the vibration. SEMITRAILER Any vehicle with or without motive power, otherthan a pole trailer, designed for carrying persons or property and for beingdrawn by a motor vehicle, and so constructed that some part of its weight andthat of its load rests upon or is carried by another vehicle. SENIORITY 1) The rights of passenger trains over freight andof express over locals.   2) The right ofway in one direction on a single track line. SEPARATION, POINT OF The point in the collision sequence where collisionforces have been dissipated and the objects in contact have the opportunity tophysically separate from each other SEQUENTIAL FACTORS Factors which must follow one another to contributeto the cause of an accident; generally, operational factors. SEQUENTIAL INTERLOCKING a feature of the ignition interlock system whichprohibits starting on the initial start if the belt is fastened at any seatingposition before the seat is occupied. SERIES CIRCUIT A circuit in which all controls and currentconsuming devices are connected in a single line, so that current must passthrough each device in sequence.   (Seeparallel circuit.) SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT A circuit that is made up of combination of seriesand parallel circuits. SERIOUS INJURY Injury severity of AIS 3 or greater, including forexample, compound fractures and internal organ injuries.   Unless otherwise noted, summary statisticsin this report include all fatally injured persons as seriously injured, butexclude those with unknown severity levels. ( see AIS ) SERVICE APPLICATION (air brakes)   1) A reduction of air pressure in the brake pipe at a rate that willproduce an application of the locomotive and train brakes and a gradual speedreduction.   2) An application of airpressure in the brake pipe at a rate that will produce braking at all servicebrakes and a gradual reduction of speed. SERVICE BRAKES The service brakes on a vehicle are the brakes (ormore accurately, the braking system) used to stop the vehicle in normaluse.   Service brakes are usually air orhydraulically operated. SET - UP A term denoting that an article is put together inits complete state.   Not knocked down. SEVERITY INDEX (SI) A measurement of the accelerative forces atthe center of gravity of the anthropomorphic test device during vehicle impact. SHACKLE Pivoting link between spring eye and frame bracket. SHAKE The intermediate frequency (5-25 Hz) vibrations ofthe sprung mass as a flexible body. SHALLOW ENTRY ANGLE COLLISION Any collision between two objects in motion inwhich the angle between their respective directions of travel is less than 15degrees. SHANTY Small building erected along right of way toprovide shelter. SHEET METAL All areas of a car not glass, bumpers, grille,lights, or trim, that comprise the body; I.e., hood, fenders, quarter panels,instrument panel, decklid, etc. SHIFT FORKS Y-shaped components located between the gears onthe mainshaft which, when actuated, cause the gears to engage or disengage viasliding clutches. Shift forks are located between low and reverse, first andsecond, and third and fourth gears. SHIFT TOWER Consisting of a gearshift lever, pivot pin, springand boot and housing, it is the main interface between the driver and thetransmission. SHIM STOCK Extremely then metal pieces used as dividers in themaking of a mold. SHIMMY A self-excited oscillation of a pair of steerablewheels about their steering axes, accompanied by appreciable tramp. SHIPPER Person or firm for whom shipment originates.   Also called consignor. SHIPPER \'S LOAD AND COUNT Indicates that the content